Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 666 - 670 of 1046Regional Law No. 986 VH-I “On peasant farm”.
This Regional Law establishes legal, economic and social grounds for constituting and functioning of peasant farms, including family farms. Plots of agricultural land can be allotted (free of charge or for payment) or purchased in ownership by peasant farms and family farms.
Regional Law No. 898-ZTO “On regulation of some land relations”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of organization of auction sale of plots of public land or sale of the right of lease of such plots of land in accordance with contract by the regional administration, of application of public servitude and expropriation of land plots by the regional administration, and also allotment of public land plots for a limited period of time to some categories of workers for the length of service. It also establishes allotment of agricultural land for haymaking and grazing.
Regional Law No. 65-oz “On areas of compact habitation of small indigenous peoples of the North”.
This Regional Law determines areas of compact habitation of small indigenous peoples of the North defined as areas of permanent living and performance of traditional economic activities as a form of community management.
Regional Law No. 1097 VH-I “On soil fertility of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law establishes the basis for ensuring soil fertility of agricultural land with a view of soil rehabilitation of reproduction of soil fertility of agricultural land. Owners and tenants of agricultural land plots, including lease-holders, shall have the right to apply agrotechnical, agrochemical, drainage, phytosanitary and anti-erosion arrangements aimed at restoration of soil fertility.
Regional Law No. 795-ZTO “On Objects of cultural heritage”.
This Regional Law regulates legal relations in the sphere of conservation, management, utilization, promotion and also state protection of the objects of cultural heritage.