Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 666 - 670 of 1046Regional Law No. 795-ZTO “On Objects of cultural heritage”.
This Regional Law regulates legal relations in the sphere of conservation, management, utilization, promotion and also state protection of the objects of cultural heritage.
Regional Law No. 741 “On land reclamation”.
This Regional Law establishes legal grounds in the sphere of land reclamation ensuring efficient land tenure and protection of drained land. The scope of land reclamation shall be to improve productivity and sustainability of agriculture, stable agricultural production on the basis of conservation and improvement of soil fertility and involvement of unused and low-productive land in agricultural production. Land reclamation shall be classified as follows: (a) hydrotechnical amelioration; (b) agroforestry; (c) land clearance operations; and (d) chemical amelioration.
Regional Law No. 886 VH-I “On land”.
This Regional Law regulates ownership on land plots, land tenure and lease, and also turnover of land plots and land shares in common land property related to agricultural land. Land tenure shall be performed in accordance with purposeful use of land, legal regime and authorized land uses in accordance with zoning of the territory. Land tenure must ensure conservation of ecosystems.
Regional Law No. 671-oz “On regulation of land relations”.
This Regional Law establishes the particulars of land relations within the regional territory.
Regional Law No. 778-oz “On composition and modalities of preparation of draft land-use planning scheme”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of preparation of draft land-use planning scheme related to the whole regional territory by the authorized state institution in the sphere of territorial planning.