Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 686 - 690 of 1046Regional Law No. 601-III “On land”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of transfer of land from one category to another, the modalities of land tenure, rational management and monitoring of land, application of public servitude, land expropriation, establishment of protected areas and land classification. Allotment of land free of charge to categories of citizens that have such right shall be performed by decision of the Regional Government.
Regional Law No. 30-OZ “On service land allotment”.
This Regional Law regulates the issues of allotment of public land to some categories of workers (transport, forestry, hunting institutions, and protected areas) that due to their service must constantly live outside urban areas for the period of duration of their employment by organization on condition of land tenancy free of charge for a limited period of time. Allotted land area shall not exceed maximum allowable limit established for allotment of land plots for subsidiary smallholding.
Regional Law No. 2643-III “On establishment of land price in case of land sale to the owners of edifices, constructions and buildings located thereon”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of calculation of the price of land pertaining to public or municipal property in case of land sale to the owners of edifices, constructions and buildings located thereon. The price shall be calculated as tenfold rate of land tax for the current calendar year per land area unit.
Regional Law No. 979-III “On maximum of land area that can be allotted to citizens performing subsidiary smallholding in ownership or on other rights”.
This Regional Law establishes that total area of land plots that can be contemporaneously owed to citizens performing subsidiary smallholding shall be established as average district land share determined at the moment of transfer of agricultural land free of charge in ownership to citizens in accordance with the acting legislation.
Regional Law No. 115-III “On allotment free of charge of land plots pertaining to public or municipal property”.
This Regional Law establishes that plots of land pertaining to public or municipal property shall be allotted free of charge once-only to the following categories of citizens: (a) citizens having in actual use on condition of beneficial ownership plots of land without cadastre registration allotted by local government on condition of permanent (open-ended) tenancy or on condition of lifelong hereditary possession before entry into force of Land Code of the Russian Federation; and (b) citizens having in actual use on condition of beneficial ownership plots of land without specification of th