Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 676 - 680 of 1046Regional Law No. 741 “On land reclamation”.
This Regional Law establishes legal grounds in the sphere of land reclamation ensuring efficient land tenure and protection of drained land. The scope of land reclamation shall be to improve productivity and sustainability of agriculture, stable agricultural production on the basis of conservation and improvement of soil fertility and involvement of unused and low-productive land in agricultural production. Land reclamation shall be classified as follows: (a) hydrotechnical amelioration; (b) agroforestry; (c) land clearance operations; and (d) chemical amelioration.
Regional Law No. 1097 VH-I “On soil fertility of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law establishes the basis for ensuring soil fertility of agricultural land with a view of soil rehabilitation of reproduction of soil fertility of agricultural land. Owners and tenants of agricultural land plots, including lease-holders, shall have the right to apply agrotechnical, agrochemical, drainage, phytosanitary and anti-erosion arrangements aimed at restoration of soil fertility.
Regional Law No. 795-ZTO “On Objects of cultural heritage”.
This Regional Law regulates legal relations in the sphere of conservation, management, utilization, promotion and also state protection of the objects of cultural heritage.
Regional Law No. 14-OZ “On expropriation, including bailout, of public land for public or municipal needs”.
This Regional Law establishes cases of expropriation, including bailout, of public land for public or municipal needs. The aforesaid expropriation shall be authorized in the following cases: (a) reservation of land plots for subsequent expropriation (bailout) of land plots for regional and municipal needs; (b) construction of public edifices in case of impossibility to locate them differently; and (c) construction in accordance with land-use planning scheme.
Regional Law No. 115-III “On allotment free of charge of land plots pertaining to public or municipal property”.
This Regional Law establishes that plots of land pertaining to public or municipal property shall be allotted free of charge once-only to the following categories of citizens: (a) citizens having in actual use on condition of beneficial ownership plots of land without cadastre registration allotted by local government on condition of permanent (open-ended) tenancy or on condition of lifelong hereditary possession before entry into force of Land Code of the Russian Federation; and (b) citizens having in actual use on condition of beneficial ownership plots of land without specification of th