Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 676 - 680 of 1046Regional Law No. 741 “On land reclamation”.
This Regional Law establishes legal grounds in the sphere of land reclamation ensuring efficient land tenure and protection of drained land. The scope of land reclamation shall be to improve productivity and sustainability of agriculture, stable agricultural production on the basis of conservation and improvement of soil fertility and involvement of unused and low-productive land in agricultural production. Land reclamation shall be classified as follows: (a) hydrotechnical amelioration; (b) agroforestry; (c) land clearance operations; and (d) chemical amelioration.
Regional Law No. 452-ZTO “On particulars of turnover of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law determines the particulars of legal relations concerning ownership, tenure and management of agricultural land that shall be based upon the following principle: preferential right of the regional administration to purchase of plots of agricultural land in case of sale thereof except for cases of public auction sale. Minimum consolidated agricultural land plot that can be allotted to natural person shall be 0, 1 ha.
Regional Law No. 456-ZTO “On maximum and minimum areas of land plots authorized for allotment to citizens”.
This Regional Law establishes maximum and minimum areas of land plots authorized for allotment in ownership to citizens out of stock of land pertaining to state or municipal property for farming, gardening, horticulture, stockbreeding and housing construction in rural areas. Maximum areas of land plots shall be authorized for allotment once-only free of charge in ownership to some categories of citizens that have the right to such allotment in accordance with the list of categories of citizens established by federal and regional legislation.
Regional Law No. 734-III “ON service land allotment”.
This Regional Law regulates the issues of allotment of public land to some categories of workers for the period of duration of their employment by organization on condition of land tenancy free of charge for a limited period of time.
Regional Law No. 1636-III “On transfer to natural and legal persons on condition of ownership of agricultural land plots”.
This Regional Law establishes that in case of privatization of agricultural land due to reorganization, privatization or bankruptcy of agricultural the following categories shall have the right to allotment of land share of agricultural land free of charge: (a) workers of agricultural organizations and women on maternity leave; (b) citizens sacked by agricultural organizations dues to staff cuts after 1 January 1992; (c) retired staff of agricultural organizations; (d) disabled persons due to work in agricultural organizations; and (e) heirs of deceased workers of agricultural organizations