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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Order No. 144 of the Ministry of Economic Development validating the Regulation on cadastre division of the national territory and assignment of cadastre numbers to the objects of immovable property.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Order establishes that Federal State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography Service shall carry out cadastre division of the national territory establishing and changing cadastre districts for the purpose of assigning cadastre numbers to the objects of immovable property. Location of the boundaries of the objects of immovable property shall be established in accordance with the coordinates used for keeping state land cadastre within the respective area.

Ministerial Decree No. 267 amending Ministerial Decree No. 689 on state land control.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Item 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “purposeful use of land in accordance with classification by categories and authorized use thereof.” Item 6 gives the list of the officials of the Federal Service of State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography authorized to carry out state land control.

Amends: Ministerial Decree No. 689 on state land control. (2006-11-15)

Federal Law No. 435-FZ amending Federal Law No. 101-FZ on turnover of agricultural land.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 4 shall be amended to acquire a new wording: “Formation of a new land plot shall not be allowed if it is incorporated into irrigated agricultural land and (or) drained land if its area is less than minimum area set by regional authorities for irrigated and drained agricultural land”. Article 6 shall be amended to acquire a new wording: “Plot of agricultural land can be expropriated if it is used with violation of rational land use requirements entailing agricultural land fertility reduction of deterioration of ecological situation”.

Federal Law No. 152-FZ amending Federal Law No. 115-FZ “On concession agreements”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 8 shall be amended to add the following wording: “In the process of performance of concession agreement the concessor shall have the right to supervise over observance by concessionary of the terms and conditions of concession agreement in accordance with this Federal Law”.

Amends: Federal Law No. 115-FZ “On concession agreements”. (2009-07-17)

Federal Law No. 115-FZ “On concession agreements”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Federal Law regulates relations originating from elaboration, conclusion, performance and stopping of concession agreements ensuring protection of rights and legal interests of the participants of concession agreements. Object of concession agreement must be owned by concessor at the moment of conclusion of concession agreement. This Law envisages the following objects that can be granted on concession: (a) waterworks; (b) water supply, water and waste treatment facilities; and (c) plots of land, plots of forests and waterbodies on condition of lease.