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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Federal Law No. 119-FZ amending Federal Law No. FZ-102 on mortgage.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 25 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Registration of mortgage shall be lifted by the state registration authority in so far as it relates to plot of land owned by the constructor or mortgaged of the right of lease or sublease of plot of land”.

Amends: Federal Law No. FZ-102 on mortgage. (1998-07-16)

Federal Law No. 102-FZ amending Federal Law No. 161-FZ on development of housing construction.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 3 shall be amended to add item 6.3 of the following wording: “in accordance with decrees and instructions of the President of the Russian Federation Fund shall transfer free of charge plots of land to ownership of legal persons established by the orders of the Government of the Russian Federation”.

Amends: Federal Law No. 161-FZ on development of housing construction. (2008-07-24)

Decree No. 53 of the Chief State Sanitary Inspector validating sanitary regulation.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This sanitary regulation sets hygienic requirements for soil of residential areas and agricultural land. The aforesaid requirements are established for the protection of soil against pollution. The purpose of sanitary regulation shall be to prevent possible negative impact of polluted soil upon human health. Soil conforming to the established hygienic requirements shall be classified as “clean”.

Order No. 38 of the Federal Supervision Service over the Objects of Cultural Heritage validating the form of certificate of object of cultural heritage.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Order validates the form of certificate for objects of cultural heritage classified as of federal, regional and local (municipal) significance. Objects of cultural heritage include parks and gardens located on urban land. Certificate contains description of objects of cultural heritage, description of boundaries and definition of legal status of land on which they are located.