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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 951 - 955 of 1046

Order No. 98-1 of the Ministry on Land Policy, Construction, Housing and Communal Services validating the Regulation on uniform state land cadastre system.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Order establishes that uniform state land cadastre shall represent common state multipurpose and multilevel system containing reliable data on natural, economic and legal state of land in the Russian Federation, including objects of cadastre registration.

Order No. P/115 of the Federal Land Cadastre Service validating land cadastre documentation.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Order establishes the requirements for legalization of state cadastre registration of the plots of land. Application for state cadastre registration shall contain the following requisites: (a) applicant data, including full name of the organization submitting request for cadastre registration of land plot; (b) rightholder and transferee; (c) application text in Russian; and (d) description of land plot, existing cadastre number thereof and, in case of absence thereof, reference number of land ownership certificate. Annex 1 contains application form.

Regulation No. GZK-1-T.P.-11-02-01 of the Federal Land Cadastre Service on inventory of land cadastre data.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regulation establishes the modalities of inventory of previously registered land plots, maps and location of land plots. The list of previously registered land plots shall include: (a) land plots with assigned cadastre numbers; and (b) land plots without cadastre numbers. For the purpose of the identification of land plots subject to insertion in the inventory list of cadastre district shall be consulted and analysed the following documents: (a) land register; (b) register of cadastre numbers; and (c) list of payers of land tax and rent.

Methodical Instruction on the partition of agricultural land into shares.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Methodical Instruction provides for the partition of agricultural land into shares to divide common property ownership. Each holder of common property shall have the right to separate out its share, establish the location of its land plot and determine the amount of compensation to the common property holders. Partition of irrigated agricultural land pertaining to common property shall be prohibited if the separated land area is less than the minimum size for reclaimed land established by the regional authority.

Order No. 99 of the Ministry of Economic Development validating the Methodical Instruction on state cadastre valuation of water fund lands.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Order applies to water fund lands, and specifically to land pertaining to: (a) discrete waterbodies; (b) water conservation zones; and (c) protection areas around water abstraction points and waterworks. It shall not apply to surface waterbodies (other than those described above), groundwater, internal seas or territorial seas. Water fund land plots shall be classified into six categories.