This publication, Water Quality in Agriculture: Risks and Risk Mitigation, emphasizes technical solutions and good agricultural practices, including risk mitigation measures suitable for the contexts of differently resourced institutions working in rural as well as urban and peri-urban settings in low- and middle-income countries. With a focus on sustainability of the overall land use system, the guidelines also cover possible downstream impacts of farm-level decisions.

Indonesia represents an interesting case for analysis of the relationship between multi-level governance and climate governance for three main reasons. It is a highly decentralized country; it is a major contributor to land-based greenhouse gas emissions; and it is extremely vulnerable to climate change. The chapter first provides a broad overview on Indonesia’s climate governance in the context of decentralization, and then focuses on sub-national governance of climate change mitigation in the land use sector, the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the country.

We present an application of the method to the Thoria watershed in India. We analyze land cover changes in the Thoria watershed between the years 2000, 2020 and future scenarios, and subsequently map the above-ground carbon stock using the InVEST model along with remotely sensed data. The land use products and above-ground carbon stock modelling results can be used by diverse stakeholders to support land use planning, especially decisions around how to allocate land resource to balance food production, carbon sequestration, and other ecosystem services provided by common lands.

Smallholder farmers in northeastern Nigeria face the triple threat of food insecurity, climate volatility, and conflict. Northeastern Nigeria has some of the highest levels of food insecurity in Nigeria. Additionally, delayed, shorter, and more volatile rainy seasons have led to massive floods, depleted soil quality, and disrupted agricultural growing seasons which ultimately constrain agricultural productivity.

Odisha’s rural economy is reshaping because of urbanization, market expansion, increased livelihood opportunities in the non-farm sector and changes in land use patterns. Economic and institutional reforms are underway, and their successful implementation in the next few years will increase the per capita income and improve the average living standard of the people.

The global food system is responsible for 23 – 42% of total net anthropogenic emissions. This share is expected to increase in the future, driven by population and economic growth and changes in lifestyle, as other economic sectors are progressively decarbonized. Without rapid and radical transformations in food systems, the Paris Agreement targets will remain out of reach.

To improve the farming efficiency, Egypt has been struggling to narrow the water, energy, and yield gaps owing to exacerbated water shortage. For quantitative diagnosis of farming performance, the paper presented an on-farm water, energy, food, and carbon-footprint (WEFC) nexus index made up of four equally pillars. The arithmetic average preserved the multi-centric approach and equal importance of the four pillars.

One of the great challenges facing the agricultural sector worldwide is the availability of fertile land for the establishment of crops for human and animal feed. Grass pastures used for animal feed, particularly cattle, are one of the crops with the highest land use, not only in LAC but also worldwide. However, poor practices and inadequate management of natural resources have led to a decrease or loss of soil nutrients, which leads to soil degradation.

Nearly half of Vietnam’s wetlands are concentrated in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Wetlands play an important role in carbon storage while contributing to Vietnam’s biological diversity and economy. This report reviews the wider literature to understand how land use within the Vietnamese Mekong Delta and likely management scenarios can impact greenhouse gas emissions.

Silvopastoral systems, integrating trees, shrubs, and livestock, offer an innovative approach to sustainable land use. Key to success is the strategic selection of forage crops, tailored to climatic and soil conditions, promoting system resilience and productivity. The field day showcased sustainable restoration practices, with farmers receiving Sulla seeds, marking a transformative step toward sustainable agriculture and improved economic well-being.

The OECD predicts there will be 9 billion people on Earth by 2050. At the same time, it is anticipated that global water needs will rise by 55%, energy consumption by 80%, and food production by 60%, all of which could have an impact on land use patterns. In light of these forecasts, the importance of the Water Energy Food (WEF) nexus thinking is needed more than ever. In this symposium, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art, gaps and advances in WEF nexus research.

Assessing the suitability of different crops in specific geographic locations is crucial for optimizing crop productivity, promoting climate resilience, and guiding land use decisions. This study assessed the biophysical suitability of rice, watermelon and maize in the Ganges Delta, one of the most densely populated deltas in the world and also extremely vulnerable to climate change. This delta is expected to increasingly experience more frequent and intense extreme weather events, sea level rise and food insecurity.