Management practices to improve soil health influence several ecosystem services including regulation of water
flows, changes in soil biodiversity and greenhouse gases that are important at local, regional and global levels.
Unfortunately, the primary focus in soil health management over the years has been increasing crop productivity
and to some extent the associated economics and use efficiencies of inputs. There are now efforts to study the

Understanding drought tolerance mechanisms of cassava is a pre-requisite to improve the performance of the crop in water-scarce regions. Several hypotheses have been formulated to suggest how cassava can withstand a prolonged period of drought. We performed field trials under drought conditions with a selection of 37 cassava genotypes to identify phenotypic and molecular patterns associated with drought tolerance. Plant morphologies varied significantly between cassava genotypes under drought conditions in Kenya, which indicates a strong genetic basis for phenotypic differences.

The on-station study was conducted at Sakhula, Bunda College (LUANAR), and on-farm in Golomoti Extension Planning Area (EPA). The objectives of the study were to assess constraints to goat production, to assess pre-weaning body weights of local Malawi goat kids, to analyze the nutrient content of selected tree and grass fodder species and to evaluate effect of feeding goats with Faidherbia albida pods and Gliricidia sepium based supplements on feed intake, growth rate and carcass quality.

Within communities in Osun and Imo States of Nigeria, farmer–processors grew and processed a diverse
set of improved and landrace cassava varieties into the locally popular foods, gari, eba and fufu. Local
and 15 main varieties were grown in a ‘mother and baby trials’ design in each state. Mother trials with
three replications were processed by farmer–processors renown in their community for their processing
skills. Baby trials were managed and processed by other farmer–processors. The objective was to identify

WLE/IWMI’s analysis of 15 business models for fecal sludge management, including its treatment for energy or nutrient recovery in agriculture, was used by the Indian Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Institute to develop capacity building modules. In 2021 and 2022, in collaboration with sector ministries across India, these will be used to train 2,860 government officials, 500 NGO professionals, 60 entrepreneurs, 1,200 sanitation workers, 320 treatment plant operators, and 240 graduates and postgraduates working in the WASH sector.

With decreasing aquifer levels, increasing groundwater pollution, inequitable access, and generally poor management outcomes, better groundwater governance has been put forward as a recipe to address these challenges worldwide. Existing recommendations focus on improved legal frameworks, monitoring and control of access and abstraction through permits or formal rights. In addition, decentralized water management, enforcement of regulations, and supply-side technological solutions are seen as cornerstone components of good groundwater governance systems.

Viewing the Salween River as a transboundary commons, this paper illustrates how diverse state and non-state actors and institutions in hybrid and multi-scaled networks have influenced water governance in general, and large dam decision-making processes in particular. Putting power relations at the centre of this analysis and drawing on the conceptual lenses of hybrid governance and critical institutionalism, we show the complexity of the fragmented processes through which decisions have been arrived at, and their implications.

Our program-level ToC is reassessed annually to accurately reflect new information (e.g. new bilateral projects) and new understanding (e.g. of how WLE delivers outcomes and impacts). 2020 adjustments applied across WLE’s flagships (FPs) include:
● A focus on three ‘foundational’ impact pathways: (1) transdisciplinary innovation; (2) policy
influence; (3) brokering practices and technologies and enhancing implementation capacity.
● Encouraging WLE interventions to address both equity and sustainability.

Despite progressive policies and a legal framework that includes the constitutional right to sufficient water, there are still enormous problems with water service delivery in low income rural South Africa. To understand the factors responsible for the observed discrepancy between ambitious policies and disappointing water service delivery, we undertook an analysis of the implementation of these policies in Sekhukhune District, South Africa; we scrutinised the public service water delivery in that district using an actor-oriented approach.

Results from the CGIAR Research Program on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) demonstrate how
new evidence and innovations contribute to sustainable intensification of agriculture at landscape
level. WLE’s solutions support producing more nutritious food while managing natural resources
more productively and sustainably in the face of critical climate change, health, demographic, and
economic challenges.