This Methodological Note seeks to support reflection on and provide examples of qualitative research methodologies to understand and assess women’s leadership, including leadership that supports collective action in the Commons.

Sustainable forest land management requires measuring and monitoring soil organic carbon. Visible and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (Vis-NIR, 350–2500 nm), although it has become an important method for predicting soil organic carbon (SOC), requires further studies and methods…