A development response to forced
displacement in the Sahel requires a regional approach. Such
an approach would have the benefits of being able to: (i)
overcome challenges relating to cross--- border movements,
(ii) obtain commitments by host governments to support the
prospects of displaced from neighboring countries and (iii)
facilitate common approaches, shared conceptualization and
learning. A regional approach will be appropriate in the

Livestock systems globally are changing
rapidly in response to human population growth,
urbanization, and growing incomes. This paper discusses the
linkages between burgeoning demand for livestock products,
growth in livestock production, and the impacts this may
have on natural resources, and how these may both affect and
be affected by climate change in the coming decades. Water
and land scarcity will increasingly have the potential to

This paper examines the cost of
producing emission reduction credits under the Clean
Development Mechanism. Using project-specific data, cost
functions are estimated using alternative functional forms.
The results show that, in general, the distribution of
projects in the pipeline does not correspond exclusively to
the cost of generating anticipated credits. Rather,
investment choices appear to be influenced by location and

Accelerating development in Sub-Saharan
Africa will require massive expansion of access to
electricity -- currently reaching only about one-third of
households. This paper explores how essential economic
development might be reconciled with the need to keep carbon
emissions in check. The authors develop a geographically
explicit framework and use spatial modeling and cost
estimates from recent engineering studies to determine where

This case study is one of six
evaluations of the implementation of the World Bank's
1991 Forest Strategy. This and the other cases (Cameroon,
China, Costa Rica, India, and Indonesia) complement a review
of the entire set of lending and nonlending activities of
the World Bank Group and the Global Environment Facility.
The World Bank has clearly diminished its lending presence
in the Amazon in the past decade. It has moved from the

Estimating the potential costs of
climate destabilization is not a trivial matter. Potential
climate impacts have multiple consequences, some of which
can be monetized while others are beyond the reach of
standard economic tools. A full assessment of the
implications of climate impacts often cannot be completed
because many of the consequences are only partly known. This
report summarizes data recently made available, through the

Rapid economic growth in China has
boosted its demand for commodities. At the same time, many
commodity sectors have experienced declining demand from
high-income northern economies. This paper examines two
hypotheses of the consequences of this shift in final
markets for the organization of global value chains in
general, and for the role played in them by southern
producers in particular. The first is that there will be a

The fact that developing countries do
not have carbon emission caps under the Kyoto Protocol has
led to the current interest in high-income countries in
border taxes on the "virtual" carbon content of
imports. The authors use Global Trade Analysis Project data
and input-output analysis to estimate the flows of virtual
carbon implicit in domestic production technologies and the
pattern of international trade. The results present striking

This paper discusses short-run and
long-run effects of "green stimulus" efforts, and
compares these effects with "non-green" fiscal
stimuli. Green stimulus is defined here as short-run fiscal
stimuli that also serve a "green" or environmental
purpose in a situation of "crisis" characterized
by temporary under-employment. A number of recently enacted
national stimulus packages contain sizeable
"green" components. The authors categorize effects

This paper provides a simple, yet
robust, methodology for comparing proposed hydroelectric
project sites in terms of their expected negative
environmental impacts, and relating these to power
generation benefits. The paper also summarizes the
environmental mitigation options for large dams. If properly
implemented, these mitigation measures can effectively
prevent, minimize, or compensate for many (though not all)

The prototype carbon fund (PCF) is a
public-private partnership whose mission is to pioneer a
market for project-based greenhouse gas emission reductions
within the framework of the Kyoto protocol to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). PCF
seeks to show how project-based greenhouse gas emission
reduction transactions can lower the cost of compliance with
Kyoto, promote sustainable development, and mobilize new

Dry tropical woodlands provide around 80
percent of the energy needs of both urban and rural
populations in Africa and are of similar importance on a
more localized scale in other areas. They also provide
livestock fodder, building poles and many of the daily needs
of the rural people living in and around them. Concern about
the degradation and depletion of these woodlands date back a
long time. Large numbers of woodfuel projects were launched