Will intensifying the road network around market areas produce greater economic returns and less environmental damage than extending the road network into new areas?Rural roads promote economic development but also facilitate deforestation. To explore the trade-offs between development and environmental damage posed by road building, Chomitz and Gray develop and estimate a spatially explicit model of land use.

Paper explores the relationships between the following concepts under the conditions of Middle Eastern semi-arid ecosystems. Paper states that there are two apparent contradictions in the title of this paper. First, grazing by domestic livestock is often considered to be hostile to nature conservation, especially in semi-arid areas (the ongoing conflict between ranchers and environmentalists in western USA is just one contemporary example of this).

Results from this study show that the over-used but under-researched association between grazing and land degradation in the Kalahari has been oversimplified. In typical Kalahari conditions, the ecological changes that have been brought about by grazing cannot be linked with more fundamental changes in ecosystem function. Basic soil processes appear relatively unaffected by grazing pressure outside the sacrifice zone, and there is no evidence to suggest that the resilience of the system has been affected through soil degradation.

The Agricultural Perspective Plan (APP) is a national strategy with a cross-sectoral approach with a duration of twenty years (1995-2015). Its goal is to add two percentage points to the country’s agricultural growth which would expand per capita agricultural growth sixfold, from its current 0.5% to 3% per year. The APP strategy is based on the acceleration of the agricultural growth rate sufficiently to obtrain strong multiplier effect on growth in employment, both in agriculture itself and in nonagricultural sectors.

El Programa de Lucha contra la Desertificación y la Sequía (PRONALDES) publicado en el mes de Junio de 1996, fue una primera etapa para identificar los problemas y soluciones para las Zonas Secas en Bolivia, juntamente con los Mapas Preliminares de Desertificación de Tierras y de Erosión de Suelos que identifican geográficamente a las zonas afectadas (Noviembre de 1996); sin embargo, el proceso nacional se debe llevar aún más adelante considerando las oportunidades que la CLD ofrece, como son los mecanismos participativos institucionalizados y los mecanismos financieros, para poner en march

The State Environment Protection Bureau approves this Standard, which aim at preventing soil pollution, protecting ecological environment, ensuring agriculture and forestry industry, and ensuring human safety. It rules the maximum density of pollutant in soils in accordance with its function, protection objective and the character of the soil. In part 3 it classifies the environmental quality of soils into three grades, part 4 is the standard for each grade, part 5 is the examination standard.