Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 706 - 710 of 1046Regional Law No. 18 "On transhumance".
This Regional Law shall have the following purposes: (a) specific purposeful and rational use of land for transhumance; (b) conservation and improvement of feeding of natural pastures; (c) prevention of soil erosion and degradation; (d) conservation and reproduction of natural landscapes; and (e) conservation of national cultural heritage. Land for transhumance shall be classified as follows: (a) arable land; (b) pastures; and (c) haymaking areas.
Regional Law No. 159-oz "On protection of land under reindeer pastures".
This Regional Law regulates relations concerning protection of land under reindeer pastures for the following purposes: (a) prevention of land degradation, pollution, littering, disturbance of soil and vegetation cover and other negative impact; (b) land rehabilitation; (c) setting up mechanism of land registration and assessment of the state of land; and (d) application of ecological norms for optimal land tenure. Land protection arrangements related to reindeer pastures shall include prevention of negative impact and prohibition of unauthorized movement of track-type vehicles.
Regional Law No. 25 “On land reclamation”.
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of land reclamation originating in the process of realization of land reclamation arrangements, establishes plenary powers of state bodies, local government, natural and legal persons operating in the aforesaid sphere. The scope of land reclamation activity shall be to raise fertility and productivity of agricultural land. Land reclamation shall be classified as follows: (a) hydroamelioration; (b) agro-forestry amelioration; (c) land clearing amelioration; and (d) chemical amelioration.
Regional Law No. 7 "On cultural heritage".
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of conservation, management , promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage and is aimed at ensuring constitutional right of citizens related to access to cultural heritage. Objects of cultural heritage shall be considered immovable property and shall include natural landscapes, recreational urban forests and parks. Land within the boundaries of territories of cultural heritage recorded in the public register of the objects of cultural heritage shall be considered land of historical and cultural heritage.
Regional Law No. 97 “On state support of gardening, horticulture, subsidiary smallholding and non-commercial associations thereof”.
This Regional Law establishes plenary powers of state bodies in the sphere of state support of gardening, horticulture, subsidiary smallholding and non-commercial associations thereof. The scope of this Regional Law shall be as follows: (a) improvement of the efficiency of land tenure; (b) promotion of gardening, horticulture and subsidiary smallholding; (c) meeting the demand of regional population in agricultural commodities, vegetables and fruits; and (d) creation of favourable conditions for collective gardening, horticulture and smallholding.