Agricultural investments create risks as well as opportunities, for instance The Case Study of Integrated Tamale Fruit Company (2013) In recent years, Ghana has witnessed increased interest from private companies in developing agricultural investments. This trend is common to many lower/middle income countries.

A Case Study of Selected Agricultural Investments in Northern Tanzania (2013)

For early reports, see FAO’s Corporate Document Repository

The gender and equity implications of land-related investments on land access and labour and income-generating opportunities

>> A case study of selected agricultural Investments in LAO PDR (2013)

In recent years, Zambia has witnessed increased interest from private investors in acquiring land for agriculture. As elsewhere, large-scale land acquisitions are often accompanied with promises of capital investments to build infrastructure, bring new technologies and know-how, create employment, and improve market access, among other benefits

A Case Study of Selected Agricultural Investments in Zambia (2013) 

"Ecosystem services" has
become a catch-phrase for the complex connections between
the natural environment and human well-being. This paper
considers the impact of changes in the supply of ecosystem
services, and programs to increase their supply, on
near-term growth of gross domestic product. It focuses on
the relationship between locally generated versus
transboundary services and growth in developing countries,

While agreeing on the choice of an
optimal investment decision is already difficult for any
diverse group of actors, priorities, and world views, the
presence of deep uncertainties further challenges the
decision-making framework by questioning the robustness of
all purportedly optimal solutions. This paper summarizes the
additional uncertainty that is created by climate change,
and reviews the tools that are available to project climate

Transportation is vital to economic and
social development, but at the same time generates undesired
consequences on local, regional, and global scales. One of
the largest challenges is the mitigation of energy-related
carbon dioxide emissions, to which this sector already
contributes one-quarter globally and one-third in the United
States. Technology measures are the prerequisite for
drastically mitigating energy use and all emission species,

By reducing the costs of environmental
protection, technological change is important for promoting
green growth. This entails both the creation of new
technologies and more widespread deployment of existing
green technologies. This paper reviews the literature on
environmentally friendly technological change, with a focus
on lessons relevant to developing countries. It begins with
a discussion of the data available for measuring the various

China promulgated the Medium and
Long-Term Development Plan for Renewable Energy in 2007,
which included targets of 2010 and 2020 for various
renewable energy technologies including biofuels. The 2010
biofuel targets were met and even surpassed except for
non-grain fuel ethanol; however, there is debate on whether
and how the country will be able to meet the 2020 biofuels
target. This paper provides a resource and technological

This paper reviews dynamic general
equilibrium models in order to collect insights on the
interaction between economic growth and environmental
issues. The authors discuss the Ramsey model and extend it
for natural resource inputs and pollution, as well as for
endogenous technical change. Green growth becomes within
reach if there is good substitution, a clean backstop
technology, a small share of natural resources in gross

This paper reviews the challenges and
opportunities raised by international trade for developing
countries considering a green growth strategy. A key concern
is the effect of environmental policies on international
competitiveness. For production-generated pollution, there
is evidence that stringent environmental policy reduces some
indicators of competitiveness, but the effect is small in
most sectors. However, tightening up environmental standards

This study provides estimates of social
and financial costs of environmental damage in India from
three pollution damage categories: (i) urban air pollution;
(ii) inadequate water supply, poor sanitation, and hygiene;
and (iii) indoor air pollution. It also provides estimates
based on three natural resource damage categories: (i)
agricultural damage from soil salinity, water logging, and
soil erosion; (ii) rangeland degradation; and (iii)