Tropical peatlands are one of the largest natural sources of atmospheric methane (CH4) and play a significant role in regional and global carbon budgets. However, large uncertainties persist regarding their feedbacks to climate variations. The Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Land Model (ELM) is an ongoing state-of-the-science model, which has developed new representations of soil hydrology and biogeochemistry and includes a new microbial-functional-group-based CH4 module.

The production of quality and vigorous seedlings is important for sustainable cocoa production. A greenhouse nursery study was conducted in 2019/2020 at CRIG to assess the effects of foliar fertilizer application and fertigation on soil chemical properties, nutrient uptake and growth of cocoa seedlings. The study was 4x3 factorial experiment, laid out in completely randomized design with 13 treatments and three replicates. Two liquid fertilizers (NPK 24:17:18 and NPK 10:10:10) and two granular fertilizers (ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate) were applied at 42, 84 and 126 mg N per pot.

What happens to local institutional arrangements regarding access and use of communal land under the forces of
agricultural commercialization? Taking Khwaykham village in Phongsaly province, Laos as a case study, this
paper sheds light on this question as farm households in the settlement have progressively transitioned to
commercial farming, specifically tea cultivation. Traditionally, farm households’ access and rights to use the land
were embedded in their swidden agriculture practices. The adoption of tea has increasingly fixed land use rights,

Rice is a vital food crop in Tanzania, both for household consumption and commercial retail. Contract farming is an important agricultural tool through which farmers and larger investors are linked to increase production and quality of crops, benefiting both the farmers and investors. This chapter uses the relational model to look at the relationships in two rice contract farming schemes in Tanzania: Kapunga Rice Plantation Limited and Mtenda Kyela Rice Supply. The empirical data is from household surveys and interviews from the Mbeya region in 2015.

Deltas have provided fertile farmland, productive fishing, and access to trade routes for millennia. Today, more than five hundred million people live on deltas and coastal urban areas. Yet deltas are also incredibly vulnerable to the pressures of climate change. This Voices asks: what are the opportunities and barriers to adaptation for delta communities facing unprecedented change in the coming years?

Intervention and Evaluation • WiF-2 project: ILO reduces vulnerability to trafficking and forced labour of women and girls from South Asia across migration pathways leading to the care and garment sectors in Arab States • ROAD migration evaluation: How are female migrants’ options shaped by gender and what is the potential of empowerment intervention to reduce trafficking and forced labor? • Geographies: Countries of origin: Bangladesh & Nepal; Destination countries: Jordan & Lebanon

A panel of 114 genetically diverse barley lines were assessed in the greenhouse and field for resistance to the pathogen Puccinia hordei, the causal agent of barley leaf rust. Multi-pathotype tests revealed that 16.6% of the lines carried the all-stage resistance (ASR) gene Rph3, followed by Rph2 (4.4%), Rph1 (1.7%), Rph12 (1.7%) or Rph19 (1.7%). Five lines (4.4%) were postulated to carry the gene combinations Rph2+9.am, Rph2+19 and Rph8+19. Three lines (2.6%) were postulated to carry Rph15 based on seedling rust tests and genotyping with a marker linked closely to this gene.

Sea-level rise and resulting salinity inundation are making many coastal areas increasingly unfavorable for rice production. This paper examines intensive and extensive adaptations to rice production in salinity-prone areas of the Mekong River Delta (MKD) of Vietnam using a two-year panel dataset of 788 rice-growing households.

Die Parameter für die Ernährung in Afrika verändern sich rasch aufgrund der Urbanisierung, die vom Wachstum von Wirtschaft und Bevölkerung und der Migration vom Land in die Stadt angetrieben wird. Dieser Wandel ist eine Herausforderung für die Ernährungssicherheit und die Nährstoffversorgung in städtischen Gebieten und den Megastädten Afrikas wie Accra, Kinshasa, Lagos und Nairobi, da die Verbraucher zunehmend Arbeit sparende, verarbeitete Lebensmittel verlangen. Mit der Supermarktrevolution werden in den Städten immer mehr erschwingliche hochverarbeitete Lebensmittel angeboten.