Outsourcing, as a productive service, has been widely adopted in industrial production and international trade but less applied in agricultural management. With the advancement of agricultural labor division and specialization, outsourcing is becoming one of the most sustained trends in concurrent business.

This article summarized the spatiotemporal pattern of land use/land cover (LU/LC) and urban heat island (UHI) dynamics in the Metropolitan city of Tehran between 1988 and 2018. The study showed dynamics of each LU/LC class and their role in influencing the UHI. The impervious surface area expanded by 286.04 (48.27% of total land) and vegetated land was depleted by 42.06 km2 (7.10% of total land) during the period of 1988–2018.

The lack of land ownership databases in developing countries has influenced inhabitants of these countries to occupy public lands. This situation has resulted in areas of informal housing, commerce, and agriculture, ultimately creating new informal settlements, which are becoming a serious problem in developing countries. These informal settlements contain inhabitants settled on public land without any infrastructure and against the landowner’s wishes.

The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships There are two main objectives of this study i to study the neighbourhoods associated challenges through the size growth and land use distribution and ii to investigate the perceived inhabitants activities pattern within the neighbourhood The objectives are explored through a morphological and GISbased land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in Southwest Nigeria The town is studied in three transforma

Population and land use outmigrations from urban to peripheral areas can result in nonfunctional unmaintained historic structures which deteriorate to the point where removal is cheaper than removal or demolition by neglect The increasing rate of neglected historic structures is a growing concern There is a need for research investigating connections between urban growth management and its effect on neglect This paper applies Newmans 2013 conceptual model of measuring neglect to Geographic Information Systems comparing rates of neglect in historic Doylestown Quakertown and Bristol boroughs

Contemporary architecture has its roots from the vernacular Every cultural group in the world has its own form of vernacular though the approach may vary from place to place and from people to people Vernacular architecture has many values which are relevant to contemporary architecture today This paper looks at vernacular architecture in Nigeria as practised by two ethnic groups who have varying climatic religious and sociocultural practices The approaches to architecture by these two groups ie the Hausas and Igbos are looked at with the intention of finding positive values in the vernacul

Taking plants from their original habitat and keeping them in pots is an illustrative example of manmade poweroriented and unnatural habitation Naturally a plant cannot survive in a segregated environment of a pot For this reason diverse supportive activities such as watering feeding or protecting must be planned These supplying infrastructures create a great power for the caretaker over the life of the potted plant Using the example of potted plants this article tries to shed light on the social and ecological problems of urbanization

This paper assesses the impact of periurbanisation on housing environmental quality and residents sociodemography in IbejuLekki periurban in Lagos Nigeria Primary data was collected through administration of 370 questionnaires to household heads in purposively selected sixteen settlements in the study area while secondary data was sourced from spatial images land use maps and satellite images of the study area Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analysed using time series and satellite image analysis The result shows a spatial expansion du

Housing is one of the basic needs of humans Families in different countries with various cultures who have different lifestyles respond to their individual needs including physical and mental in a safe place that is called house The world population is increasing day by day In parallel to this population growth housing demand increases rapidly Iran is also a country which has a rapid population growth and has developed a series of policies to solve the housing problems Affordable housing is one of solution for providing the house by governments These type of houses is the ways to answer the

The construction sector of the Kurdistan region of the Republic of Iraq has witnessed a huge development in the construction sector last ten years However there is a lack of awareness and legislation regarding sustainable construction in the buildings sector The aim of the paper is to find the required mechanism to introduce sustainable practice and implement sustainable construction in the buildings construction sector in Northern Iraq The main objectives of this study are identifying the barriers in sustainable construction in Northern Iraq and investigate the law and regulations in deali

The economy can be considered as the transversal component of human activities over territories This fact can be observed from a diachronic perspective the way how architectural typologies arose through history But the relations between Economy and Architecture are not only established by the small scales but the larger ones Cities and territories evolved from compact forms till spread ones in a parallel way to the arousal of the shopping areas Urban sprawl could never be understood without these new typologies The paper is based on the keynote speech was held in the International seminar E

The relationship between sustainable urban development and environmental sustainability is crucial to every strategy of urban transformation, renewal and regeneration. In particular, urban regeneration entails programmes of urban transformation that involve the rehabilitation of existing parts of a city, re-use previously built-up area and abandoned buildings, and redevelop blighted urban spaces to increase urban sustainability.