General

South East Asia well represents the global problems of rapid, and uneven development, often at the expense of the increasingly marginalised. Rapid economic growth in the last three decades has seen an increase in multinational companies taking advantage of increasingly liberal flow of finances, goods and services, very often with a focus on providing raw materials for Chinese unparalleled industrialisation. This has exerted pressure on natural resources, particularly land and other land-based resources, and on the communities that depend on them for their subsistence. The majority of states in Asia fail to adequately recognise indigenous rights to land and culture; therefore regional growth is far too often founded on land grabbing and abuse of the marginalised. The lack of protection for land-rights has resulted in inconsistent poverty reduction rates and growing inequality, often perpetuated by poor governance. Indigenous peoples are globally marginal to the dominant economic and political system. Even in some highly developed states including Australia, New Zealand, USA and Canada there are indigenous populations living in high levels of disadvantage and marginalisation. Although they make up roughly 5% of the global population, they account for about 15% of the poor. South East Asia is estimated to be home to up 20% of the world’s 370 million indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples in the region are among the poorest in terms of income and access to justice, made worse by insecurity over land tenure, food security, and the gradual erosion of their traditional cultures. Dealing with this situation will require a focus on sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction, along with strategies to address multiple sources of disadvantage to reach those indigenous communities. However, this needs to be done in culturally sensitive manners, with the full engagement of those indigenous peoples in order to be fully empowering. In the South East Asian context indigenous peoples are estimated to make up as much as 30% of the populations in Lao PDR and Myanmar, about 20% in Indonesia, 10-15% in the Philippines, and as low as 1.3% in Cambodia. Their estimated numbers range from a high of 50 to 70 million in Indonesia, 12 to 15 million in the Philippines, to about 179,000 in Cambodia. Part of the problem in identifying the numbers of indigenous peoples in South-East Asia, is that there are on-going conceptual debates concerning the term ‘indigenous peoples’. As noted previously States in the region, despite supporting the Declaration, frequently deny that there are indigenous peoples within their borders , and often refer to them as ethnic minorities, or use terms such as “hill tribes”, “cultural minorities” or “isolated and alien peoples”. However, many of these groups self-identify as indigenous, and that recognition of the indigenous right to determine their own membership is crucial to the definition of who indigenous peoples are. Within the region the application of indigenous rights has been mixed. The Philippines is undeniably the most advanced country in terms of the legal framework governing indigenous peoples, including a 1997 law with the provision for FPIC, although the implementation is frequently lacking. Then there are countries such as Indonesia and Cambodia, which have a history of conflict, but where recent changes in the law show promise in terms of the protection of indigenous rights. The situation in Indonesia looks particularly promising at the moment, with regard to a drafting a law on indigenous peoples (masyarakat hukum adat). Finally there are countries such as Laos and Myanmar, which despite showing some minor improvements in creating regulatory and institutional mechanisms, have a long way to go in terms of providing a rights-based legislative framework. Therefore the opportunities within any country are mixed, and any programme will have to be able to prioritise and take advantage of opportunities as they arise. PIPLinks, working with CAFOD and CAFOD partners, will complete research, alongside developing plans for a regional partner meeting, to review a plan for potential regional work which is based on community support/capacity building and advocacy on defence and promotion of the rights of indigenous peoples in South East Asia. Because of its research and advocacy nature this is difficult to quantify, but the primary work in the initial proposal this is working towards was looking to benefit up to 10,000 indigenous men, women and children, but with secondary benefits to a larger number of indigenous peoples affected by the land rights issues, which can be estimated at least 20% of indigenous populations in South East Asia (approximately 12 million in Indonesia, 2 million in the Philippines, 1 million in Myanmar to about 40,000 in Cambodia

General

This is a capacity strengthening project which aims to strengthen Salvation Centre Cambodia’s (SCC) approach to working on livelihoods, land rights and social enterprise with vulnerable populations in urban Cambodia; primarily people living with HIV and AIDS and the poorest of the poor. SCC’s target communities in the urban areas of Siem Reap and the outskirts of Phnom Penh suffer from insecure land tenure, an inability to improve their housing, limited livelihoods opportunities and low levels of income. Over the course of this project, CAFOD will support SCC to: 1) increase knowledge on conducting advocacy on land security, 2) diversify the income generation options that are presented to their communities, 3) learn about the concept of ‘social enterprise’ and prepare a business plan to transform one of their child care facilities into a profitable business, with proceeds reinvested into their development programmes.

General

This project will strengthen viability of small farmers' agroecological production through improved production of and training in production and use of bioinputs (natural fertilisers and non-chemical pest control based on ecological principles), and production of research and evidence. This will take place through 1) establishment of on-farm bioinput production unit laboratory and school (composting, liquid biofertilizer plant and biological control laboratory) at the Paulo Kageyama Agroecological Training Centre, Jarinu, SP for use on a 5 ha experimental area and (2) expansion of Cooperativa da Terra's bioinputs unit (inoculants, bio-defensives, biofertilizers) at Pirituba II Farm in Itaberá, SP for use on a 200 ha area of grain production. The inputs will be used by land reform settlement families practicing agroecological farming or in transition. Expected impacts include improved knowledge, dissemination and commercial viability of bioinputs for food production, leading to improved food security and sovereignty, preservation and restoration of natural resources, production and incomes of small farmers. Chosen technological inputs will be proven, small scale, simple and low-tech but scientifically sophisticated, adapted to local ecological and geographical conditions, and suitable for technology transfer. Activities will include installation of equipment, technical courses, exchange programme, production of evidence about bioinputs, accompaniment of food production using bioinputs, learning. CAFOD's support will enable: acquisition of materials for the units, (e.g. wood chipper, manure tank, steel tanks); technical support; training costs. Beneficiary farming families as follows: 30 from training and accompaniment, 60 from access to bioinputs, 270 from dissemination of learning. Indirect beneficiaries from Agroecological production from: 3000 grocery consumers, 2000 people on enFF courses, 3000 food insecure families in SP receiving donations of fresh food.

General

Outcomes of the Funded Activity 1.By 2022, project interventions in the Kaptagat landscape create the foundations to reduce emissions, contribute to poverty alleviation, address land degradation, and Influence County, national and global climate change policy commitments. Outputs of the Funded Activity 1. A Kaptagat integrated landscape restoration plan is established and under implementation, including >1,000 ha under restoration 2.Strengthened local capacity results in enhanced and diversified livelihoods being initiated towards increased climate resilience for 1,000 people living in the Kaptagat forest landscape. BEIS ICF Grant Agreement T & Cs 45 3.Progress is made towards the implementation of green recovery solutions in the wider Elgeyo Hills-Cherangany Ecosystem and national/regional/global climate change approaches are influenced by key project insights and lessons learnt.

General

The Global Environment Facility was established in October 1991 as a pilot program in the World Bank to assist in the protection of the global environment. In 1994 at the Rio Earth Summit the GEF was restructured and moved out of the World Bank system to b ecome a permanent separate institution. As part of the restructuring the GEF was entrusted to become the financial mechanism for both the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and the UN Framework Conventionon Climate Change. The GEF subsequently was also selected to serve as financial mechanism for three more international conventions: The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2003) and the Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013) .The GEF strives to achieve global environmental benefits by supporting developing countries in their efforts. After various changes agreed upon during last two replenishment negotiations the work is focused around five thematic focal areas: biodiversity; climate change mitigation; chemicals and waste; international waters; and land degradation. Furthermore an integrated approach pilot was established during the sixth replenishment negotiations to support activities in recipient countries that can help them meet commitments to more than one global convention or thematic area by tackling underlying drivers of environmental degradation. This synergetic approach will continue in GEF-7 through Impact Programs focused on food systems forests and cities.The GEF is a network organization. It is composed of independent secretariat and evaluation office the World Bank acts as a trustee channelling project support to implementing entities such as to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Finland has supported t he GEF from the very beginning. The support to the seventh replenishment of the GEF (1.7.2018-30.6.2022) is about 31 million euros. This budget decision covers 26 million from the total contribution.