As desigualdades de desenvolvimento e suas dinâmicas possuem razões políticas, económicas e sociais de longa duração. Estes factores influenciam os percursos históricos sobre as quais as políticas económicas e os poderes políticos procuram influenciar conjunturalmente sem que, na maioria dos casos, sejam efectivas mudanças fundamentais nas sociedades.
As desigualdades sociais e territoriais têm implicações sobre a estrutura e as dinâmicas do crescimento/desenvolvimento económico, sobre a estabilidade política e social e sobre a sustentabilidade ambiental, entre outros aspectos.

In this oil research paper, we have set out the challenges confronting oil producing countries in sub-Saharan Africa by giving case studies of Nigeria, Angola and Equatorial Guinea. We have also critiqued the draft National Oil and Gas Policy under formulation as well as the legal framework. We argue that the oil Dutch Disease and conflict nexus associated with oil producing countries are not a given since there are examples such as Norway which have utilised their oil revenue for transformation and sustainable development.

We examine two academic traditions that address the nature-society interface. These traditions are organized around two main concepts: social-ecological system and territoire. These traditions have grown independently and are rooted respectively in ecology and social geography. We show that they have much in common: Both come with a systemic view of the nature-society interface and have the intention of understanding better the relations between nature and society and improving their sustainability. However, they differ in how they deal with space and society.

To provide for the upgrading and conversion into ownership of certain rights granted in respect land; for the transfer of tribal land in full ownership to tribes; and for matters connected therewith.
(Afrikaans text signed by the State President.)
(Assented to 27 June 1991.)
BE IT ENACTED by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:

To provide for the designation of certain land; to regulate the subdivision of such land and the settlement of persons thereon;_andto provide for matters connected therewith

This report seeks to contribute to greater understanding of how people respond to and resist land dispossession. Regardless of the context or mechanisms of dispossession, victims face common experiences of marginalisation and the failure to respect human rights. It contains detailed case studies on Angola, Colombia, Sierra Leone and Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory. The aim of the report is not to draw parallels between these vastly different contexts, rather it seeks to examine resistance to dispossession and replacement.

Land and decentralisation policies in Senegal have been closely linked since independence in 1960. Public lands are currently managed by the local governments of municipalities and rural communities, with the latter responsible for the land and natural resources in unprotected parts of their territory, and the former empowered to issue building permits.

Summarises the main presentations by Alex de Waal, John Unruh, Liz Alden Wily and Chris Huggins and responses by discussants based on these broad topics: why humanitarian organisations need to tackle land issues; legal pluralisms in humanitarian approaches; land in emergency to development transitions: who does what?; land in return, reintegration and recovery processes; transitional programming; protection and legal aid.

Summary of a book of the same name. Contains the relationship between land and conflict, land in post-conflict contexts, humanitarian engagement on land issues, charting a way forward.

Las condiciones estructurales de discriminación, pobreza, exclusión y violencia frente a los pueblos afro-descendientes en el norte de la provincia de Esmeraldas, han permitido que en esta región del Ecuador, como Choco y Tumaco en Colombia, queden a merced de factores que vulneren sus prácticas de vida. Parte de esos factores se han ido estructurando con la presencia de actores armados ilegales colombianos, sicarios ecuatorianos, rutas de narcotráfico y en los últimos años con el cultivo de palma aceitera y la minería ilegal.

The payment of environmental services (PES) in Costa Rica has become a really important and novel issue which must be conceived as an economic instrument and a financial order system that tries to repay the land owners under the forest regime for the environmental benefits they provide to the country, in an effort to conserve and sustain the usage of primary and tropical forests.

Este trabajo describe y analiza la conformación del sujeto político llamado comuna, en interacción con el Estado; propongo, siguiendo la línea de la sociología histórica, que la comuna se forjó en relación dialógica entre el Estado y las colectividades, entendiendo a las comunidades como organizaciones con cohesión social, dispositivos institucionales y actor social, al tiempo que crearon mecanismos para adaptarse o resistir al aparato estatal, demandando del Estado reconocimiento y derechos, en distintos momentos históricos.