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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 76 - 80 of 1046

Regional Law No. 10-ZRT amending Regional Law No. 886 VH-I “On land”.

Legislation
Janeiro, 2016
Rússia

Article 6 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional government shall be competent authority in land valuation of the plots of land with undelimited public property, in the process of conclusion of purchase and sale contracts of the aforesaid plots of land without tender”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 886 VH-I “On land”. (2009-07-10)

Regional Law 145-ZRT amending Regional Law No. 645 “On protected areas”.

Legislation
Janeiro, 2016
Rússia

Article 16 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional Government shall be competent authority to declare natural complexes and nature monuments regional protected areas and, in case of necessity, land plots and waterbodies can be expropriated for public needs in accordance with civil, land and water legislation”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 645 “On protected areas”. (2009-07-13)

Regional Law No. 141-oz “On investment of local government with some plenary powers in the sphere of land relations”.

Legislation
Novembro, 2015
Europa
Europa Oriental
Rússia

This Regional Law transfers to local government some plenary powers related to governance of plots of urban public land with undelimited ownership in case of availability of validated land-use planning scheme, except for cases envisaged by federal legislation on roads and road-related activities.

Order No. 216 of the Ministry of Natural Resources validating the Regulation on protection area of state nature biosphere reserve “Sokhondinsky”.

Regulations
Junho, 2013
Rússia

This Regulation establishes that protection area of state nature biosphere reserve “Sokhondinsky” shall be established on adjacent areas with a view of protection of the protected area against negative anthropogenic impact. Land plots within the boundaries of protection area shall not be expropriated from landowners, land tenants, leaseholders and servitude holders and shall be management thereby in accordance with the established regime.

Regional Law No. 28-RZ “On allotment free of charge of land plots to citizens with three and more children underage”.

Legislation
Maio, 2012
Rússia

This Regional Law sets forth the modalities of allotment free of charge of public or municipal land plots to citizens with three and more children underage for smallholding, individual construction, horticulture and gardening, and establishes maximum and minimum land areas of the aforesaid land plots. The right of allotment shall be granted in accordance with the following criteria: (a) nationals of the Russian Federation; (b) residence on the regional territory for the last three years; and (c) in need of improved housing conditions.