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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Resources

Displaying 81 - 85 of 1046

Regional Law No. 52-OD “On ensuring fertility of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Maio, 2012
Rússia

The scope of this Regional Law shall be to ensure fertility of agricultural land by owners, landlords, land tenants and leaseholders. The main arrangements for ensuring soil fertility shall be: (a) elaboration and realization of regional programs; (b) soil, agrochemical, phytosanitary, ecological and toxicological inspection; (c) investments in soil conservation and reproduction; and (d) improvement of soil quality and fertility.

Regional Law No. 88-ZRH "On allotment free of charge in ownership of land plots to citizens having three or more children.

Legislation
Novembro, 2011
Rússia

This Regional Law establishes the cases and the procedure of allotment free of charge in ownership to citizens having three and more children of the plots of land pertaining to state and municipal property, and it also establishes minimum and maximum land area (dimensions) of such land plots. The aforesaid plots of land shall be allotted for individual residential housing construction and subsidiary smallholding.

Regional Law No. 28-Z “On allotment of land plots to multi-child families”.

Legislation
Abril, 2011
Rússia

This Regional Law sets forth the modalities of allotment in ownership free of charge of plots of land pertaining to public and municipal property to multi-child families, and also establishes minimum and maximum land areas of the aforesaid plots of land. Multi-child family shall be considered family with three or more children less than 18 years of age. The aforesaid plots of land in inhabited areas shall be allotted for housing construction and subsistence family farming. Allotment of the aforesaid plots of land shall be performed once-only.

Regional Law No. 2099-OD amending Regional Law No. 809-OD “On allotment of public and municipal land to citizens free of charge”.

Legislation
Setembro, 2010
Europa
Europa Oriental
Rússia

Article 1 shall be amended to add the following wording: “The right to allotment on condition of ownership of public and municipal land free of charge shall be granted to citizens that have lost their housing facilities as a result of natural or technological disaster”. Amends: Regional Law No. 809-OD “On allotment of public and municipal land to citizens free of charge”. (2009-06-23)

Agreement between the governments of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on cooperation in the field of agriculture.

International Conventions or Treaties
Junho, 2010
Tajiquistão
Quirguistão
Usbequistão
China
Rússia
Cazaquistão

The Parties, in accordance with the national legislation of the SCO member-states, shall develop cooperation in the following areas of agriculture: (a) farming; (b) animal husbandry; (c) beekeeping; (d) veterinary medicine; (e) selection, seed production and breeding; (f) land reclamation, irrigation and agricultural irrigation; (g) processing and trade in agricultural commodities; (h) agricultural machinery and equipment; and (i) scientific research in the field of agriculture.