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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 91 - 95 of 1046

Regional law No. 32-ZS “On cultural heritage”.

Legislation
Abril, 2005
Europa
Europa Oriental
Rússia

This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of conservation, management and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage. Scientific research and conservation of the objects of cultural heritage shall be carried out by state cultural institutions and by licensed natural and legal persons. Classification of objects as cultural heritage shall be performed by the Regional Council of People’s Deputies within a year from the date of submittal of application for classification of objects as cultural heritage.

Regional Law No.61-RZ “On particulars of regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Dezembro, 2003
Rússia

This Regional Law sets forth the following priorities of land policy: (a) state regulation with a view of conservation of particularly valuable land categories, agricultural land and protected areas; (b) exercise of rights of residents in the sphere of land relations; (c) conservation of agricultural land; (d) ecofriendly methods of land tenure; and (d) conservation of traditional Cossack land tenure.

Regional Law No. 50-Z “On conservation of the objects of cultural heritage”.

Legislation
Dezembro, 2003
Rússia

This Regional Law regulates issues of conservation, use, popularization and state protection of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation at the regional and municipal levels within the limits of competence and authority of the regional administration.

Regional Law No. 71 “On the particulars of turnover of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Novembro, 2003
Rússia

This Regional Law establishes the particulars of turnover of agricultural land, including privatization of agricultural land pertaining to public and municipal property. It determines that minimum land area of consolidated agricultural land plot shall be two hectares, while minimum land area of consolidated agricultural land plot in case of irrigation by stationary sprinklers or drained land shall be no less than 50 hectares and in case of irrigation by mobile sprinklers shall be no less than 10 hectares.

Regional Law No. 25 "On allotment in ownership to citizens of land plots pertaining to state and municipal property".

Legislation
Maio, 2003
Rússia

This Regional Law regulates the issues of allotment free of charge to citizens in ownership of land plots pertaining to state and municipal property. The aforesaid allotment shall be performed once only to citizens that had in actual use, before entry into force of the Land Code, the aforesaid land plots for the purpose individual residential housing construction, smallholding and gardening without legal registration of land rights in due course. This Regional Law classifies categories of citizens having the right to land allotment.