Logo

page search

Map of South-Africa

África do Sul

Em 2019, a África do Sul tinha uma população de 58,5 milhões de habitantes. O país tem uma superfície terrestre de 1.220.000 km². Desse total, cerca de 11% da terra é arável. Há variações ecológicas significativas que vão desde condições secas (deserto e semideserto) no oeste até duas faixas de maior pluviosidade no leste. A África do Sul é considerada um país com escassez de água, sendo esta situação agravada pela extrema desigualdade social e econômica. Apenas 28% da superfície terrestre recebe 600 mm ou mais de chuva por ano. Isto significa que a maior parte da terra é adequada apenas para a produção de gado ou vida selvagem.
Ler o perfil do país
Indicadores sócio-econômicos ver tudo
Área
121,309,000 ha
PIB per capita
13,311.9 USD
População total
59,392,300
População urbana
66.4 %
Indicadores fundiários ver tudo
Terra agrícola
79.4 %
Percepção de segurança de posse
62 %
Florestas primárias
947,000 ha

More on this country

Foto: Jerry Frank/UN Photo/Flickr
África do Sul: Incêndios matam dois e deixam centenas de desalojados
31 Março 2024
Foto: Jerry Frank/UN Photo/Flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 DEED) A causa do incêndio está a ser investigada Duas pessoas morreram e quase 2.000 ficaram desalojadas quando incêndios consumiram centenas de barracas em três incidentes distintos na Cidade do Cabo, na África do Sul, durante o fim-de-semana,…
Seed Stars
Convocatória: Incentivo ao empreendedorismo feminino para as SMEs mais fortes na África
12 Dezembro 2022
Data limite: 31-Dez-22   O objetivo do projeto é abordar a desigualdade de gênero e o empoderamento econômico inclusivo para as mulheres africanas. Especificamente, o Projeto visa aumentar a capacidade e a sustentabilidade dos capacitadores que apóiam as Pequenas e Médias Empresas (WSMEs - sigla em…
ASHRAF SHAZLY/AFP VIA GETTY IMAGES
Pessoas sem pátria e terra: a crise mundial de migrantes e refugiados em 2021
29 Dezembro 2021
ASHRAF SHAZLY/AFP VIA GETTY IMAGES Cenários políticos e humanitários conturbados fizeram com que milhões de pessoas saíssem de seus países em busca de melhores condições de vida Das multidões sob uma ponte na fronteira dos Estados Unidos com o México e venezuelanos caminhando pela América Latina…

África do Sul

projects

Browse all
CO-Advocacy on Women’s Land&Property R

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
CO-Advocacy on Women’s Land&Property R
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

SUPPORTING PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF COASTAL TROPICAL FOREST IN ECUADOR S NEW CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
United Nations Environment Programme, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Global Environment Facility

General

Sustainable Land Management in Meghalaya (Grant Component)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Advancing Land and AgrarianTransformation Phase in South Africa, phase 3.
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Förderung der landwirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Transformation Südafrikas, Phase 3.

Objectives

Das Projekt bringt Farmarbeiter und Forstbewohner in unsicheren Lebens- und Arbeitssituationen zusammen. Dabei wird ein Bewusstsein für die Ursachen ihrer Schwierigkeiten geschaffen, die Defizite der staatlichen Landreform sowie des Arbeitsrecht öffentlich gemacht, die Ursachen und Folgen von Klimawandel thematisiert und politische Forderungen formuliert.

Nigeria Resilient Cocoa Farmers Programme
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

Emergency and Recovery Support for Biodiversity in Tanzania (VP)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Counterpart 507240 Agencia de Desenvolvi
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands

General

Customary Land Tenure Rights for Women and Marginalized Groups in Mzuzu Diocese
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Objectives

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Supporting traditional rural communities in land conflicts in Baixo Murim and Baixo Parnaíba regions in Maranh
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Objectives

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)
868258.4739
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), University of Cape Town
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

This activity (Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)) is a component of Global Land Governance programme reported by FCDO, with a funding type of 111 - Not for profit organisation and a budget of £780,000.This project benefits Developing countries, unspecified.And works in the following sector(s): Human rights, Environmental policy and administrative management, Social Protection, Urban development and management.

0
Donors:
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency
SUPPORTING PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF COASTAL TROPICAL FOREST IN ECUADOR S NEW CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
CO-Advocacy on Women’s Land&Property R
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

SUPPORTING PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF COASTAL TROPICAL FOREST IN ECUADOR S NEW CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
United Nations Environment Programme, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Global Environment Facility

General

Sustainable Land Management in Meghalaya (Grant Component)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Advancing Land and AgrarianTransformation Phase in South Africa, phase 3.
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Förderung der landwirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Transformation Südafrikas, Phase 3.

Objectives

Das Projekt bringt Farmarbeiter und Forstbewohner in unsicheren Lebens- und Arbeitssituationen zusammen. Dabei wird ein Bewusstsein für die Ursachen ihrer Schwierigkeiten geschaffen, die Defizite der staatlichen Landreform sowie des Arbeitsrecht öffentlich gemacht, die Ursachen und Folgen von Klimawandel thematisiert und politische Forderungen formuliert.

Nigeria Resilient Cocoa Farmers Programme
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

Emergency and Recovery Support for Biodiversity in Tanzania (VP)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Counterpart 507240 Agencia de Desenvolvi
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands

General

Customary Land Tenure Rights for Women and Marginalized Groups in Mzuzu Diocese
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Objectives

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Supporting traditional rural communities in land conflicts in Baixo Murim and Baixo Parnaíba regions in Maranh
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Objectives

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)
868258.4739
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), University of Cape Town
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

This activity (Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)) is a component of Global Land Governance programme reported by FCDO, with a funding type of 111 - Not for profit organisation and a budget of £780,000.This project benefits Developing countries, unspecified.And works in the following sector(s): Human rights, Environmental policy and administrative management, Social Protection, Urban development and management.

0
Donors:
Global Environment Facility
Sustainable Land Management in Meghalaya (Grant Component)

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
CO-Advocacy on Women’s Land&Property R
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

SUPPORTING PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF COASTAL TROPICAL FOREST IN ECUADOR S NEW CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
United Nations Environment Programme, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Global Environment Facility

General

Sustainable Land Management in Meghalaya (Grant Component)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Advancing Land and AgrarianTransformation Phase in South Africa, phase 3.
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Förderung der landwirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Transformation Südafrikas, Phase 3.

Objectives

Das Projekt bringt Farmarbeiter und Forstbewohner in unsicheren Lebens- und Arbeitssituationen zusammen. Dabei wird ein Bewusstsein für die Ursachen ihrer Schwierigkeiten geschaffen, die Defizite der staatlichen Landreform sowie des Arbeitsrecht öffentlich gemacht, die Ursachen und Folgen von Klimawandel thematisiert und politische Forderungen formuliert.

Nigeria Resilient Cocoa Farmers Programme
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

Emergency and Recovery Support for Biodiversity in Tanzania (VP)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Counterpart 507240 Agencia de Desenvolvi
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands

General

Customary Land Tenure Rights for Women and Marginalized Groups in Mzuzu Diocese
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Objectives

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Supporting traditional rural communities in land conflicts in Baixo Murim and Baixo Parnaíba regions in Maranh
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Objectives

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)
868258.4739
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), University of Cape Town
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

This activity (Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)) is a component of Global Land Governance programme reported by FCDO, with a funding type of 111 - Not for profit organisation and a budget of £780,000.This project benefits Developing countries, unspecified.And works in the following sector(s): Human rights, Environmental policy and administrative management, Social Protection, Urban development and management.

0
Donors:
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
Advancing Land and AgrarianTransformation Phase in South Africa, phase 3.

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
CO-Advocacy on Women’s Land&Property R
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

SUPPORTING PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF COASTAL TROPICAL FOREST IN ECUADOR S NEW CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
United Nations Environment Programme, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Global Environment Facility

General

Sustainable Land Management in Meghalaya (Grant Component)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Advancing Land and AgrarianTransformation Phase in South Africa, phase 3.
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Förderung der landwirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Transformation Südafrikas, Phase 3.

Objectives

Das Projekt bringt Farmarbeiter und Forstbewohner in unsicheren Lebens- und Arbeitssituationen zusammen. Dabei wird ein Bewusstsein für die Ursachen ihrer Schwierigkeiten geschaffen, die Defizite der staatlichen Landreform sowie des Arbeitsrecht öffentlich gemacht, die Ursachen und Folgen von Klimawandel thematisiert und politische Forderungen formuliert.

Nigeria Resilient Cocoa Farmers Programme
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

Emergency and Recovery Support for Biodiversity in Tanzania (VP)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Counterpart 507240 Agencia de Desenvolvi
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands

General

Customary Land Tenure Rights for Women and Marginalized Groups in Mzuzu Diocese
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Objectives

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Supporting traditional rural communities in land conflicts in Baixo Murim and Baixo Parnaíba regions in Maranh
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Objectives

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)
868258.4739
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), University of Cape Town
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

This activity (Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)) is a component of Global Land Governance programme reported by FCDO, with a funding type of 111 - Not for profit organisation and a budget of £780,000.This project benefits Developing countries, unspecified.And works in the following sector(s): Human rights, Environmental policy and administrative management, Social Protection, Urban development and management.

0
Donors:
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
Nigeria Resilient Cocoa Farmers Programme

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
CO-Advocacy on Women’s Land&Property R
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

SUPPORTING PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF COASTAL TROPICAL FOREST IN ECUADOR S NEW CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
United Nations Environment Programme, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Global Environment Facility

General

Sustainable Land Management in Meghalaya (Grant Component)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Advancing Land and AgrarianTransformation Phase in South Africa, phase 3.
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Förderung der landwirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Transformation Südafrikas, Phase 3.

Objectives

Das Projekt bringt Farmarbeiter und Forstbewohner in unsicheren Lebens- und Arbeitssituationen zusammen. Dabei wird ein Bewusstsein für die Ursachen ihrer Schwierigkeiten geschaffen, die Defizite der staatlichen Landreform sowie des Arbeitsrecht öffentlich gemacht, die Ursachen und Folgen von Klimawandel thematisiert und politische Forderungen formuliert.

Nigeria Resilient Cocoa Farmers Programme
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

Emergency and Recovery Support for Biodiversity in Tanzania (VP)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Counterpart 507240 Agencia de Desenvolvi
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands

General

Customary Land Tenure Rights for Women and Marginalized Groups in Mzuzu Diocese
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Objectives

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Supporting traditional rural communities in land conflicts in Baixo Murim and Baixo Parnaíba regions in Maranh
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Objectives

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)
868258.4739
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), University of Cape Town
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

This activity (Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)) is a component of Global Land Governance programme reported by FCDO, with a funding type of 111 - Not for profit organisation and a budget of £780,000.This project benefits Developing countries, unspecified.And works in the following sector(s): Human rights, Environmental policy and administrative management, Social Protection, Urban development and management.

0
Donors:
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency
Emergency and Recovery Support for Biodiversity in Tanzania (VP)

Euro

Euro
ISO 4217 code
EUR
Currency Symbol
€
CO-Advocacy on Women’s Land&Property R
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

SUPPORTING PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF COASTAL TROPICAL FOREST IN ECUADOR S NEW CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
United Nations Environment Programme, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Global Environment Facility

General

Sustainable Land Management in Meghalaya (Grant Component)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Advancing Land and AgrarianTransformation Phase in South Africa, phase 3.
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Förderung der landwirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Transformation Südafrikas, Phase 3.

Objectives

Das Projekt bringt Farmarbeiter und Forstbewohner in unsicheren Lebens- und Arbeitssituationen zusammen. Dabei wird ein Bewusstsein für die Ursachen ihrer Schwierigkeiten geschaffen, die Defizite der staatlichen Landreform sowie des Arbeitsrecht öffentlich gemacht, die Ursachen und Folgen von Klimawandel thematisiert und politische Forderungen formuliert.

Nigeria Resilient Cocoa Farmers Programme
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency, Other organizations (Projects Database)
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency

General

Emergency and Recovery Support for Biodiversity in Tanzania (VP)
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Counterpart 507240 Agencia de Desenvolvi
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
Netherlands Enterprise & Development Agency
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands

General

Customary Land Tenure Rights for Women and Marginalized Groups in Mzuzu Diocese
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Objectives

Verbesserung der Landrechte von Frauen und Zugang zu Land für marginalisierte Gruppen in der Diözese Mzuzu in Nordmalawi

Supporting traditional rural communities in land conflicts in Baixo Murim and Baixo Parnaíba regions in Maranh
0
Project duration:
to
Euro
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

General

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Objectives

Beratung traditioneller Gemeinden bei Landkonflikten in den Regionen Baixo Munim und Baixo Parnaíba im Bundesstaat Maranhão

Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)
868258.4739
Project duration:
to
Euro
Other organizations (Projects Database), University of Cape Town
Other organizations (Projects Database)

General

This activity (Advancing Land-based Investment Governance (ALIGN)) is a component of Global Land Governance programme reported by FCDO, with a funding type of 111 - Not for profit organisation and a budget of £780,000.This project benefits Developing countries, unspecified.And works in the following sector(s): Human rights, Environmental policy and administrative management, Social Protection, Urban development and management.

0
Donors:
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
  • 0
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

Em 2019, 16,8% das famílias viviam em residências informais nos nove principais municípios metropolitanos da África do Sul.

The Maledu Judgment
Recapitulação de Webinário: A sentença Maledu e o poder do reconhecimento do direito de posse
25 Março 2023
VISÃO GERAL Sob as bases da série " Avançando a Governança de Investimentos em Terra" (ALIGN - sigla em inglês), o segundo webinário da série " A Sentença Maledu": O poder do reconhecimento dos direitos de posse" aconteceu em 22 de março de 2023.  O webinário contou com um pouco mais de 230…
Fonte: STIAS
Refrações do Nacional, do Popular e do Global nas Cidades Africanas
Este volume editado por Simon Bekker, Sylvia Croese e Edgar Pieterse reúne estudos de caso de cidades metropolitanas em nove países africanos que exploram os temas inter-relacionados da influência nacional no desenvolvimento urbano, as dinâmicas populares que moldam o desenvolvimento urbano e as…