On-site sanitation systems, such as septic tanks and pit latrines, are the predominant feature across rural and urban areas in most developing countries. However, their management is one of the most neglected sanitation challenges. While under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the set-up of toilet systems received the most attention, business models for the sanitation service chain, including pit desludging, sludge transport, treatment and disposal or resource recovery, are only emerging.

Reports on completed and planned research to examine farmers' perceptions of different breeds, the discretion they exercise over breed composition, and the impacts of breed perceptions on breeding practices. ILCA has recently undertaken three household surveys that shed light on farmers' breed preferences and breeding practices. The survey results indicate that farmers' breed prortfolios are the outcome of dynamic processes that vary across farmers and environmental conditions.

The report summarizes key results from surveys carried out on urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) in 2013. The aim was to provide a broad overview of the state of UPA in the study cities and a basis for future research endeavors. The randomized sampling approach used aerial photography to identify 10 sites in different categories of farm in each city. Farmers provided information on their cropping and livestock-rearing activities.

There is general lack of scientific consensus on the trend and distribution of annual and
seasonal rainfall and temperature in Uganda. This study used both observational and AgMerra
rainfall and temperature data for the period 1980-2010 to characterize the trend and variability in
seasonal and annual rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures across 12 different rainfall
homogenous zones (K, H, ME, L, J, F, MW, D, E, A1, A2, and I) of Uganda. Trends analysis was
done using regression method, while coefficient of variation and ANOVA techniques were used

The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), in collaboration with our national research partners, has been working in Kenya for the last 30 years. Our cutting-edge science helps policy makers, private sector, scientists, civil society, and farmers respond to the most pressing challenges of our time.

This study was commissioned to provide an understanding of the complex impacts climate change will likely have on existing gender and social inequalities.

Neglected by research and development, knowledge of the genetic diversity in Ethiopian yams is found mainly with the local farmers. The local yam classification system in Southern Ethiopia was studied through individual and key informant interviews. Data collected include attributes/traits of each landrace used in the folk taxonomy. Local farmers recognize two major categories of yams: ‘hatuma boye’ (‘male’ yam) and ‘macha boye’ (‘female’ yam). This categorization has no reference to the reproductive biology of the plant.