Esta é a sétima edição da série “Desafios para Moçambique” do IESE, iniciada em 2010, com o objectivo de contribuir para a análise e debate público de desafios económicos, sociais e polí- ticos considerados relevantes. O livro contém 14 artigos, organizados em quatro partes: Política, Economia, Sociedade e Moçambique no Mundo. À semelhança da terceira edição (2012), na preparação da presente edição os coordenadores consideraram pertinente convidar os autores a relacionarem os seus artigos com uma temática principal.

Tanzania is endowed with numerous resources including livestock. It is number three country in Africa in terms of livestock population after Ethiopia and Sudan. Currently, the country (Tanzania) has more than 22 million livestock, of which at least 95% are indigenous animals kept under traditional livelihood model known as indigenous pastoralism. At least 70% of Tanzanians earn their living through agro-pastoralism whereby around 40% of them entirely practices indigenous pastoralism.

This is a stakeholder submission prepared by a coalition of 24 pastoralists and huntergatherers’ Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), forums, networks and groups. The stakeholders submission is a compilation of primary and secondary sources of information, evidence and facts collected through consultative meetings and interviews with civil society organizations, public officials and community members, experts on pastoralism as well as members of the academia.

Despite progressive provisions on gender equality in Tanzania’s land laws, women have little representation in land allocation decisions, including meetings of village councils and village assemblies. Mainstreaming gender in local regulations can help to address this problem.

The Legal Guide was created to share information on Tanzania’s system for regulating seeds and other inputs, including areas such as variety release and registration, seed certification, and trade, and to identify key decision points and challenges that could unlock further development in the seed sector and implementation of existing frameworks. The Legal Guide itself will be part of a larger process of consultation and discussion, with key decision points followed by recommendations and a roadmap for strengthening the regulatory system for seeds and other inputs.

In Guatemala, a history of discrimination and inequality of opportunity led to a 36-year conflict that finally subsided with a Peace Agreement in 1996. Improvements since then have prevented a return to conflict and begun to create the conditions for sustained stability. However, the persistence of substantial inequality constitutes a risk factor for future stability and constrains Guatemala’s growth potential. Land distribution is highly unequal. The largest 2.5% of farms occupy nearly two-thirds of agricultural land while 90% of the farms are on only one-sixth of the agricultural land.

El presente material es un breve compendio de las leyes y normativas vigentes, que regulan el acceso a la tierra por parte de la población, con particular detalle en el caso de los campesinos y campesinas. En el caso de las comunidades indígenas, se hará una breve mención a la legislación correspondiente.

El caso aborda la historia de tres mujeres que ante el deceso de sus cónyuges, pierden la garantía para validar sus derechos sobre las posesiones de tierra. La lucha por sus tierras se hizo desde el liderazgo, la toma del control de sus tierras o por acuerdos familiares. Estas estrategias les han permitido garantizar su acceso a la tierra, su empoderamiento y reconocimiento dentro de la comunidad.

El caso aborda la historia de tres mujeres que ante el deceso de sus cónyuges, pierden la garantía para validar sus derechos sobre las posesiones de tierra. La lucha por sus tierras se hizo desde el liderazgo, la toma del control de sus tierras o por acuerdos familiares. Estas estrategias les han permitido garantizar su acceso a la tierra, su empoderamiento y reconocimiento dentro de la comunidad.

O artigo proposto para o dossiê apresenta reflexões sobre aspectos da história agrícola do país no momento da independência e no pós-independência. A perspectiva escolhida apresentou-se como pertinente para refletir sobre a política do país durante as décadas que seguiram a Independência.

As atividades relacionadas à produção agrícola estão entre as que mais têm gerado impactos sobre o meio ambiente. A produção intensiva é grande consumidora de energia, além de fonte de contaminação da água, ar e solo, por meio, especialmente, de resíduos de pesticidas e de fertilizantes. A expansão das fronteiras agrícolas aumenta as taxas de desmatamento, agrava os processos de degradação do solo e põe em risco a biodiversidade.