Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 256 - 260 of 1046Regional Law No. 7-2542 on regulation of land relations.
This Regional Law regulates relations on land tenure and protection of land. Regional Legislative assembly shall have the following competence in the sphere of land protection: (a) reserve land, also through buyout of land plots, for public and municipal needs; (b) proclamation of protected areas; (c) establishment of minimum and maximum dimensions of land plots of public land allotted for agricultural purposes, farming, horticulture and stockbreeding; (d) establishment of cases of gratuitous allotment of public and municipal land to natural and legal persons (art. 2).
Order No. P/117 of the Federal Land Cadastre Service validating land cadastre requirements.
This Order establishes the modalities of cadastral subdivision of the territory into cadastral districts and cadastral sections carried out by the territorial branches of the Federal Land Cadastre Service. The purpose of cadastral subdivision of the national territory shall be to assign cadastre numbers to the land plots determining location thereof within the boundaries of a cadastre section. Special attention in the process of elaboration of cadastre plan shall be paid to natural linear geographic objects such as natural landmarks and forest clearing.
Regional Law No. 592-ZO amending Regional Law No. 105-ZO “On objects of cultural heritage”.
Article 6 (2) shall be amended to add the following wording: “Boundaries of the identified object of cultural heritage shall be validated by the act of the regional institution competent in the sphere of protection of objects of cultural heritage in accordance with land-use planning project”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 105-ZO “On objects of cultural heritage”. (2009-02-20)
Regional Law No. 9-OZ amending Regional Law No. 31-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 5 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Minimum size of the consolidated land plot shall not be less than minimum size of land plots pertaining to public or municipal ownership and allotted for farming”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 31-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2014-04-01)
Regional Law No. 144-OZ amending Regional Law No. 99-OZ “On some issues of land tenure and land protection”.
Article 8 (3) shall be amended to add the following wording: “Land use planning scheme attached to application on preventive coordination of allotment of land plot shall not be validated if declared purpose of specific land tenure does not correspond to authorized land uses”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 99-OZ “On some issues of land tenure and land protection”. (2006-12-21)