Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 261 - 265 of 1046Regional Law No. 144-OZ amending Regional Law No. 99-OZ “On some issues of land tenure and land protection”.
Article 8 (3) shall be amended to add the following wording: “Land use planning scheme attached to application on preventive coordination of allotment of land plot shall not be validated if declared purpose of specific land tenure does not correspond to authorized land uses”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 99-OZ “On some issues of land tenure and land protection”. (2006-12-21)
Regional Law No. 9-OZ amending Regional Law No. 31-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 5 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Minimum size of the consolidated land plot shall not be less than minimum size of land plots pertaining to public or municipal ownership and allotted for farming”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 31-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2014-04-01)
Regional Law No. 711-5-ZKO amending Regional Law No. 172-ZKO “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 11.2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional Administration shall be responsible for drafting the list of agricultural land areas, the use of which for purposes other than agricultural shall be prohibited, insertion and cancellation from the list of agricultural land areas”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 172-ZKO “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2008-12-03)
Regional Law No. 365 amending Regional Law No. 111 “On the particulars of turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 6 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional Government shall be responsible for setting forth the modalities of calculation of lease for public land plots and plots of land with undelimited ownership destined for lease without tender”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 111 “On the particulars of turnover of agricultural land”. (2007-09-18)
Regional Law No. 69-oz amending Regional Law No. 56-ZAO “On subsoil management”.
Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional executive bodies shall be responsible for allotment of plots of subsoil containing groundwater deposits used for potable water supply and industrial water use or agricultural water use with daily water abstraction not exceeding 500 cubic meters”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 56-ZAO “On subsoil management”. (2012-06-26)