Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 331 - 335 of 1046Regional Law No. 565-PK “On protected areas”.
This Regional Law classifies regional protected areas as follows: (a) natural parks; (b) state nature reserves; (c) nature monuments; (d) dendrological parks and botanical gardens; (e) protected landscapes; (f) protected nurseries; and (g) historical and natural complexes and areas. Cultural memorial parks and ecological parks can also be set up on the regional territory. The presence and location of protected areas shall be taken into consideration in the process of elaboration of land-use planning schemes.
Regional Law No. 615-KZ “On composition, elaboration and modification of land-use planning scheme”.
This Regional Law determines composition, elaboration and modification of the regional land-use planning scheme. Land-use planning project shall include regulations on territorial planning and mapping of objects projected for location, description and characteristics of land areas and names of urban, municipal districts and inhabited areas. Monitoring of land-use planning schemes shall include state of environment and environmental protection arrangements.
Ministerial Decree No. 418 validating the Regulation on the Federal Registration Agency of Immovable Property.
This Ministerial Decree stipulates that the Federal Registration Agency of Immovable Property shall be the authorized Federal institution regarding matters of land cadastre, planning, valuation, inventory and monitoring, and shall have the following plenary powers: (a) keep the state land cadastre; (b) carry out land use planning at the local level; (c) delimit national borders and administrative boundaries of municipal units; (d) evaluate land for cadastre purposes; (e) carry out monitoring and supervision of state land; and (f) undertake land surveys and mapping activities.
Regional Law No. 3129-KZ amending Regional Law No. 656-KZ “On protected areas”.
Article 4 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Supreme regional state body in the sphere of protected areas shall make decisions related to setting up on land plots and delimited areas of waterbodies of special protection regime of regional significance with regulated economic activities”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 656-KZ “On protected areas”. (2007-07-25)
Regional Law No. 2999/820-V-OZ amending Regional Law No. 118/16-III-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 8 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Local government shall have preferential right of purchase of plots of agricultural land at face value except for cases of expropriation thereof for public or municipal needs”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 118/16-III-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2015-03-06)