Environmental concerns must be
integrated into the development process, but African
countries still face many challenges as they work to achieve
development that is economically, socially, and
environmentally sustainable. Many countries have already
launched National Environmental Action Plans (NEAPs) and
National Conservation Strategies; however, in preparing and
implementing them, economics was used sparingly because

Case study for the report "Institutional innovations in African smallholder carbon projects" available at http://hdl.handle.net/10568/21222

This study was conducted with the main objective of determining the linkages between poverty and land management in Uganda. The study used the 2002/03 Uganda National Household Survey in eight districts representing six major agro-ecological zones and farming systems. Farmers in these districts deplete an average of 179 kg/ha of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which is about 1.2 percent of the nutrient stock stored in the topsoil.

According to 2001 statistics, 924 million people, almost one third of the world’s population lived in slums. A majority of these people are in the developing countries and they account for 43% of the urban population. Slums are characterized by a dense proliferation of small, makeshift shelters built from diverse materials, degradation of the local ecosystem and by severe social problems.

A Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) was
undertaken to assess the returns to land management
practices of major land use types, namely forests,
rangelands, and selected crops (rice, maize, cotton, and
millet). Also the public expenditure on SLM was reviewed
and an assessment carried out how the expenditure is aligned
to land policies and how it is targeted to land degradation
hotspots. The results show that, without some form of

Small farm holdings require a substantial input of capital for transformation to medium or large-scale farms that are better suited to increased food output. The study examined methods and amounts of investment by small-holder farmers in southwestern Nigeria. Multistage sampling was used to randomly select 200 arable farmers from 20 LGAs distributed throughout five states in the region. Descriptive statistics and a multiple regression analysis were used to analyze data. The study showed that the average age of farmers was 46.5 years and that families were very large, averaging 10 members.

Uncontrolled spatiotemporal changes in large urban areas can produce several problems such as environmental pollution, diminishing valuable agricultural lands; irregular industrialization and urbanization due to number and proportion of residents continue to increase.

Mowing of grasses and bush vegetation appear one of the most important technological operations while exploitation the roads, dams and ameliorative channels. For such activity agricultural or ameliorative multi-rotor mowers with joint knives are used. Multi-rotor mowers are characterized with high productivity and reliability along with complete cutting ability. Parameters of cutting devices are analyzed according the peculiarities of reclaimed land (among the peculiarities there are outlined unevenness and inclination of the relief).

Amelioration is one of the most important factors of agricultural production intensification and scientific and technical progress implementation. One third of agricultural production of the Republic of Belarus is produced on reclaimed lands. Closed horizontal drainage is the most wide-spread method of regulation of water and air regimes of soils in the conditions of intensive agriculture of the state. Successful application of drain-installing machines supplies increase of labor productivity, improvement of amelioration works and agricultural crops productivity increase.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus it was determined that as a result of drainage and prolonged agricultural use (about 50 years) on the ground of former peat bogs there were formed peat-mineral soil complexes of different evolution stages with distinct rates of nitrogen fraction quantitative and qualitative composition. There were presented data of a structure of nitrogen breakup and its storage in 0-40 peat soils layer of different evolution stages.

Still, more agricultural land is getting abandoned in Slovenia, specially in less favored areas. Such process of degradation of fertile land is most intensively present in the Obalno-kraska region and Goriska. Similar happens with grassland in mountain region as less and less animals which are suitable for that region are bred there. To prevent brush encroachment and to start recultivation of aban

REDD+ es un mecanismo financiero con un potencial significativo para cambiar los incentivos conducentes a la deforestación y el cambio de uso de la tierra, con efectos en la conservación del bosque y la sostenibilidad. REDD+ no es en sí mismo una reforma de la gobernanza, pero afectará a la gobernanza forestal o será afectado por ella. REDD+ puede mejorar la gobernanza forestal o ser minado por sus imperfecciones, ya que depende de una buena gobernanza forestal para ser eficiente, efectivo y equitativo.