[1]Lundy, B. D. (2015). Resistance is Fruitful: Bijagos of Guinea-Bissau. Peace and conflict management working papers, The center for Conflict Management.
[2]Vulliamy, E. (2008). How a tiny West African country became the world's first narco state. The Guardian.
[3] Filho, W. T. (2010). The Creole idea of nation and its predicaments: The case of Guinea-Bissau. The powerful presence of the past: Integration and conflict along the Guinea Upper Coast. J. Knorr and W. T. Filho. Leiden, Boston, Brill.
[4]Van der Heijden, T. (2010). Good for who? Supermarkets and small farmers in South Africa – a critical review of current approaches to market access for small farmers in developing countries. Master of Commerce, University of Stellenbosch.
[5]Lundy, B. D. (2015). Resistance is Fruitful: Bijagos of Guinea-Bissau. Peace and conflict management working papers, The center for Conflict Management.
[6]Schoenmakers, H. (1987). "Old Men and New State Structures in Guinea-Bissau." The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 19(25-26): 99-138, Jenrich, D. and J. Schmidt Machado (2006). Guinea Bissau Land Tenure Study. Washington, World Bank and GFA Consulting Group.
[7] Abranches, M. (2013). The Route of the Land’s Roots: Connecting life-worlds between Guinea-Bissau and Portugal through food-related meanings and practices. PhD, University of Sussex.
[8]Temudo, M. P. and M. B. Abrantes (2013). "Changing policies, shifting livelihoods: The fate of agriculture in Guinea‐Bissau." Journal of Agrarian Change 13(4): 571-589.
[9]BBC Witness History (2021). Amilcar Cabral: An African liberation legend, BBC Sounds.
[10]Urdang, S. (1975). "Fighting two Colonialisms: The Women's Struggle in Guinea-Bissau." African Studies Review 18(3): 29-34.
[11]Galli, R. E. (1995). "Capitalist agriculture and the colonial state in Portuguese Guinea, 1926-1974." African Economic History(23): 51-78.
[12]Urdang, S. (1975). "Fighting two Colonialisms: The Women's Struggle in Guinea-Bissau." African Studies Review 18(3): 29-34.
[13] Urdang, S. (1974). "Translating the Spirit of the People: A New System of Justice in Guinea-Bissau." Southern Africa 8(9).
[14]PA/HO Department of State (1973). Portuguese Guinea: The PAIGC after Amilcar Cabral. Declassified (2006).
[15] Osuna, J. J. O. (2014). "The deep roots of the Carnation Revolution: 150 years of military interventionism in Portugal." Portuguese Journal of Social Science 13(2): 215-231.
[16] Tanner, C. R. (1991). Relations Between Ponteiros and Tabancas: Implications for a New Land Law in Guinea Bissau, a Report Prepared for USAID-Bissau, Cambridge SEPR Associates.
[17]Bruce, J. and C. Tanner (1992). Structural adjustment, land concentration and common property: The case of Guinea-Bissau. P.105
[18] Ibid. P.106
[19]Bruce, J., A. S. de Moura and C. Tanner (1992). A new land law for Guinea Bissau: Needs and opportunities. Madison, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin.
[20]GlobalSecurity.org. (N.D). "Guinea Bissau Civil War: ECOMOG Operations (June 1998-April 1999)." Retrieved 30 June, 2022, from https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/guinea-bissau-2.htm.
[21]Vulliamy, E. (2008). How a tiny West African country became the world's first narco state. The Guardian.
[22]Taylor, M. (2011). Guinea-Bissau: A Narco-Developmental State?, African Arguments.
[23] Kohnert, D. (2010). "Democratization via elections in an African 'narco-state'? The case of Guinea-Bissau."
[24]Whiteman, K. (2012). Malam Bacai Sanhá obituary: President of Guinea-Bissau and a stalwart of his country's struggle for liberation. The Guardian.
[25] ECOWAS Commission (2017). Guinea-Bissau Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, ECOWAS.
[26]Ibid
[27]Bertelsmann Stiftung (2022). BTI 2022 Country Report — Guinea-Bissau. Gütersloh.
[28]Nielsen, E. (2022). "Umaro Embaló (1972-)." Black Past Retrieved 7 November, 2022, from https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-h....
[29] UN. (2020). World Urbanization Prospects 2019. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Dynamics. https://population.un.org/wpp/
[30]Bruce, J., A. S. de Moura and C. Tanner (1992). A new land law for Guinea Bissau: Needs and opportunities. Madison, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin.
[31]This system is similar to how these rights are vested and recognised in Mozambique.
[32] World Bank (2006). Guinea-Bissau: Land tenure issues and policy study. P.27
[33] Ibid. P.41
[34] Ouedraogo, H., D. Gnisci and L. Hitimana (2006). Land Reform Processes in West Africa: A Review, Sahel and West Africa Club.
[35]World Bank (2006). Guinea-Bissau: Land tenure issues and policy study.
[36]Bruce, J. and C. Tanner (1992). Structural adjustment, land concentration and common property: The case of Guinea-Bissau. P.105
[37]Tanner, C. (1994). A two tiered evaluation of Africar's PL480 Program in Guinea Bissau. Impact: Food Security and monitoring project, USAID.
[38] Tanner, C. R. (1991). Relations Between Ponteiros and Tabancas: Implications for a New Land Law in Guinea Bissau, a Report Prepared for USAID-Bissau, Cambridge SEPR Associates.
[39] Ouedraogo, H., D. Gnisci and L. Hitimana (2006). Land Reform Processes in West Africa: A Review, Sahel and West Africa Club.
[40]Ibid.
[41]Tanner, C. and C. Bourguignon (2017). Doing (inclusive) business in Guinea-Bissau: Reactivating the 1998 Land Law. Responsible land governance: towards an evidence-based approach. 2017 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty. Washington DC, World Bank.
[42] Ibid
[43]Ibid
[44]World Bank (2006). Guinea-Bissau: Land tenure issues and policy study. P.38
[45]Gugushvili, A. (2016). “Money can’t buy me land”: Foreign land ownership regime and public opinion in a transition society. Land Use Policy, 55, 142–153.
[46]Jenrich, D. and J. Schmidt Machado (2006). Guinea Bissau Land Tenure Study. Washington, World Bank and GFA Consulting Group.
[47]Tanner, C. and C. Bourguignon (2017). Doing (inclusive) business in Guinea-Bissau: Reactivating the 1998 Land Law. Responsible land governance: towards an evidence-based approach. 2017 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty. Washington DC, World Bank.
[48] Borges, L. (2014). Análise do Quadro Jurídico da Terra em Guiné Bissau. Rome, FAO.
[49]Pers comm. Mario Martins, Chair of the National land Commission.
[50]Tanner, C. and C. Bourguignon (2017). Doing (inclusive) business in Guinea-Bissau: Reactivating the 1998 Land Law. Responsible land governance: towards an evidence-based approach. 2017 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty. Washington DC, World Bank.
[51]ECOWAS Commission (2017). Guinea-Bissau Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, ECOWAS.
[52]Bruce, J. and C. Tanner (1992). Structural adjustment, land concentration and common property: The case of Guinea-Bissau. P.109
[53]Tanner, C. and C. Bourguignon (2017). Doing (inclusive) business in Guinea-Bissau: Reactivating the 1998 Land Law. Responsible land governance: towards an evidence-based approach. 2017 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty. Washington DC, World Bank.
[54]ECOWAS Commission (2017). Guinea-Bissau Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, ECOWAS.
[55] World Bank (2006). Guinea-Bissau: Land tenure issues and policy study. P.39
[56]USGS. (2013). " Land Use, Land Cover, and Trends in Guinea-Bissau." West Africa: Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics Retrieved 28 June, 2022, from https://eros.usgs.gov/westafrica/land-cover/land-use-land-cover-and-tren....
[57]IFAD. (2019). "Investing in rural people in Guinea-Bissau." Retrieved 20 June, 2022, from https://www.ifad.org/en/web/knowledge/-/publication/investing-in-rural-p....
[58] World Bank (2019). Guinea Bissau: Unlocking diversification to unleash agriculture growth, World Bank. P.12
[59]IFAD. (2019). "Investing in rural people in Guinea-Bissau." Retrieved 20 June, 2022, from https://www.ifad.org/en/web/knowledge/-/publication/investing-in-rural-people-in-guinea-bissau
[60]World Bank (2019). Guinea Bissau: Unlocking diversification to unleash agriculture growth, World Bank. P.16
[61] van Gent and Ukkerman (no date) provide a good account of this unique system
[62]ECOWAS Commission (2017). Guinea-Bissau Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, ECOWAS.
[63]Cannon, J. (2017). "Officials, Greenpeace nab four boats for illegally fishing near Guinea-Bissau." Retrieved 9 November, from https://news.mongabay.com/2017/04/officials-greenpeace-nab-four-boats-for-illegally-fishing-near-guinea-bissau/, Okafor-Yarwood, I. (2019). "Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, and the complexities of the
[64]ND-GAIN. (2019). "Guinea-Bissau: Country Index Rank." Retrieved 21 June, 2022, from https://gain-new.crc.nd.edu/country/guinea-bissau.
[65]World Bank (2019). Guinea Bissau: Unlocking diversification to unleash agriculture growth, World Bank.P.10
[66]World Food Programme (2021). WFP Critical Corporate Initiative: Climate Response Analysis for Adaptation Guinea-Bissau.
[67]Temudo, M. P. and A. I. Cabral (2021). "Climate change as the last trigger in a long-lasting conflict: the production of vulnerability in northern Guinea-Bissau, West Africa." The Journal of Peasant Studies: 1-24.
[68]Ramalho da Silva, B. (2021). "Guinea-Bissau’s plan to lift logging ban sparks fears for forests." Retrieved 29 July, 2022, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/20/guinea-bissau-plan-to-lift-logging-ban-sparks-fears-for-forests.
[69]http://Ibid.
[70]Shryock, R. (2021). "Fears for rosewood as Guinea-Bissau prepares to lift six-year logging ban." Retrieved 9 November, 2022, from https://news.mongabay.com/2021/01/fears-for-rosewood-as-guinea-bissau-prepares-to-lift-six-year-logging-ban/.
[71]Temudo, M. P. (2012)."“The White Men Bought the Forests” Conservation and Contestation in Guinea-Bissau, Western Africa." Conservation and Society 10(4): 354-366.
[72]Thomas, G. P. (2012). "Guinea-Bissau: Mining, Minerals and Fuel Resources." Retrieved 30 June, 2022, from https://www.azomining.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=207.
[73]da Cruz, D. M. (2020). "Guinea-Bissau – A hidden opportunity." Retrieved 9 November, 2022, from https://furtherafrica.com/2020/05/25/guinea-bissau-a-hidden-opportunity/.
[74] European Union (2020). Republic of Guinea-Bissau: Multiannual Indicative Programme 2021-2027.
[75]Ibid. P.6
[76] Silva, Y. N. (2021). "Guinea-Bissau: Where land rights are not secure for women." Retrieved 20 June, 2022, from https://africanarguments.org/2021/10/guinea-bissau-where-land-rights-are-not-secure-for-women/.
[77]ECOWAS Commission (2017). Guinea-Bissau Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, ECOWAS.
[78]Ascensao, E. "The technoscience of slum intervention: Bissau." Retrieved 30 June, 2022, from https://www.technoscienceslumintervention.org/bissau.
[79] Temudo, M. P. and M. B. Abrantes (2013). "Changing policies, shifting livelihoods: The fate of agriculture in Guinea‐Bissau." Journal of Agrarian Change 13(4): 571-589.
[80]Tanner and Bourguignon (2017:13).
[81]UN-Habitat. (2019). "Bissau 2030 - Sustainable Development Plan." Our City Plans Retrieved 16 October 2022, from https://ourcityplans.unhabitat.org/planning-experiences/bissau-2030-sustainable-development-plan
[82]Ascensao, E. "The technoscience of slum intervention: Bissau." Retrieved 30 June, 2022, from https://www.technoscienceslumintervention.org/bissau.
[83]ECOWAS Commission (2017). Guinea-Bissau Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, ECOWAS.
[84]World Bank (2006). Guinea-Bissau: Land tenure issues and policy study.
[85] Pers. Comm Chris Tanner
[86]FAO. (2022). "N'tene Terra Project supports land delimitation in Guinea Bissau." Retrieved 7 November, 2022, from https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/news-archive/detail-news/en/c/1507036.