'Somayama Houshikichou Shitsugi [Additional Forest Methods]' was promulgated in 1747 as a supplementary volume to 'Somayama Houshikichou [Forest Methods]' which had been published a decade earlier in 1737. The contents once again affirm principles outlined in the earlier 'Somayama Houshikichou' but also include additional statutes on new matters.

The present distribution of forests and the degree of their transformation by man are the results of natural factors and cultural development. The limit between forested areas and open spaces, as well as differences between intensively used forests and those showing small or no traces of human intervention, is determined by social needs and values, economic opportunities and political regulations. Forests are currently perceived by the population as physical and social spaces profoundly influenced by timber use and forest management.

En el presente trabajo se analiza cómo afecta la composición y estructura del bosque a la riqueza de aves forestales, a escala de 1x1 km, en Cataluña. Se muestra que la riqueza de aves se ve favorecida por la cabida forestal, siempre que se evite la dominancia de masas excesivamente cerradas (FCC [Fracción de Cabida Cubierta] 70%); por la presencia de las clases naturales de edad más avanzadas (latizales y fustales); y por la diversidad de especies arbóreas y la mezcla de frondosas y coníferas.

Once the conditions that led to the creation of the Société Civile des Terres du Larzac (SCTL) have been introduced, the companion modelling approach used with this group of farmers is presented. The agent-based model co-constructed with a group of researchers and technicians is then described, as well as the way it was used to confront scenarios developed by the SCTL to envision management options of the forest massif, with scenarios developed by the farmers to improve the current functioning of their farms

This study is based on the Forest's Owners designated by the Matsudo City Green Regulations. It aims is develop the current Conservation Policy State on Privately Owned Forests and those forests open to the local residents, as well as to examine the achievements and tasks of public visit management and cooperation with citizen's organizations. In this survey we gave a questionnaire to the landowners, and conducted an interview with the personal from the local government offices.

The paper deals with the establishment of the coppice and coppice-with-standards research object under the project Biodiversity and Target Management of Endangered and Protected Species in Coppices and Coppices-with-Standards Included in the System of NATURA 2000. It summarizes reasoning which preceded the selection of the site and provides a detailed description of the methodology of experimental site establishment.

Recent research on payments for environmental services (PES) has observed that high transaction costs (TCs) are incurred through the implementation of PES schemes and farmer participation. TCs incurred by households are considered to be an obstacle to the participation in and efficiency of PES policies. This study aims to understand transactions related to previous forest plantation programmes and to estimate the actual TCs incurred by farmers who participated in these programmes in a mountainous area of northwestern Vietnam.

Agricultural landscapes presently cover about 46 % of earth terrestrial surface. This cultivated area is decreasing, whereas the global food demand is projected to increase up to 70 % in 2050. The intensification of agriculture is not a solution to this food issue because intensive agriculture has often resulted in pollution and loss of biodiversity. On the other hand, mechanistic models with optimization algorithms can be used to design alternative land uses for sustainable agriculture.

We review seven certification systems for verifying carbon trading from forestry and other land uses, and evaluate evidence of their effectiveness in generating social and environmental co-benefits. Published research on non-carbon co-benefits was located by searching the three principal bibliographic databases in this area of science: CABI, ISI Web of Science Core Collection and SCOPUS. We included studies published in English from 2000 to 2016. Our searches yielded 679 studies after duplicates were removed.

Vietnam has pilot-tested a payment for forest environmental services (PFES) program in an effort to restore and protect forest areas, some of which have been severely degraded by the excessive cutting of trees by small-scale farmers planting annual crops on steep, sloping lands. The pilot program implemented in southern Vietnam seems to be successful, yet the program in northern Vietnam has not produced the desired rates of planting and maintaining forest areas.

La importancia de los incendios forestales en la cuenca mediterránea hace de estas perturbaciones un factor determinante en el análisis y la gestión de riesgos ecológicos, así como en los vinculados a la protección civil. La actual demanda de servicios recreativos en el bosque genera una intensificación de estos riesgos, lo que precisa de una adecuada respuesta por todos los agentes implicados en la gestión.