Habitat: United Nations Conference of Human Settlements, held in Vancouver in 1976, recommended that 'A national policy for human settlements and the environments should be an integral part of any national economic and social development policy.

Food insecurity is expected to accelerate substantially in sub-Saharan Africa where available evidence suggests that environmental degradation such as soil erosion, desertification and deforestation is seriously depend for increasing their agricultural productivity. As a result, about 44 percent of Africa's population live below the poverty line earning an income of about $39 per month.

Earlier (1950s - early 1970s) development planning in African countries was essentially perceived and conceived as macro-economic planning. This perception placed overriding emphasis on the projection and maximization of national economic aggregates such as the GDP, the GNP per capita income, level of employment, stability of price levels etc. as sole measures of economic development performance.

La planification du développement dans les pays africains était au départ(années 50 - début des années 70) perdue et conçue essentiellement comme une planification macro-économique. Cette perception mettait essentiellement l'accent sur la projection et la maximisation des agrégats économiques nationaux tels que le PIB, le PNB, le revenu par habitant, le niveau de l'emploi, la stabilité des

niveaux de prix comme seuls moyens de mesurer le développement économique.

La sous- région da l'Afrique de l’est couvre une superficie total a de

quelque-5,5 millions de kilomètres carres, soit environ 18 pour 100 de la superficie du continent. Située approximativement entre 13° de latitude nord et 25° de latitude sud, elle est limitée a l’ouest par le Soudan, le Congo et l'Angola et au sud par le Mozambique et l'Afrique du Sud.

The first Meeting of the Advisory Board on Population, Agriculture and Environment was held in the United Nations Conference Center (UNCC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 20-21 September 1999. The Meeting was formally opened by Ms. P. K. Makinwa Adebusoye, Director of the Food Security and Sustainable Development Division of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA).

This paper focused on the policies and programmes relating to human settlements, aspects of urban land policies and of policies for rational urban promotion and the elimination of uncontrolled settlements and slums.

Africa is the fastest urbanizing region in the world, with the population doubling almost every

20 years. The rural population is growing at a rate of 2.5 per cent per annum, while the urban

population is experiencing 5-10 per cent growth per annum. Urbanization becomes a source

of concern when the challenges it poses are far beyond the national management capacity.

This paper focuses on East Africa: development trends and problems. The East African sub-region onglobes a total area of about 5.5 million kilometers or about 18 percent of the continent’s area.

The demand for energy has been growing worldwide, especially in India partly due to the rapid population growth and urbanization of the country. To meet the ever-increasing energy requirement while maintaining an ecological balance is a challenging task. However, the energy industry-induced effect on population and urbanization has not been addressed before. Therefore, this study investigates the linkages between energy, population, and urbanization.

In late March, Indian Premier Narendra Modi imposed a three-week lockdown to prevent the further spread of the coronavirus. Since then, tens of thousands of migrant workers who had previously provided cheap labour in wealthy homes or on construction sites in the nation’s growing metropolises have been making their way back to their rural home regions.

Cities as we know them today are already dramatically changing. Our living environments are reshaping the way we live.

This new ‘urban age’ presents

a unique opportunity for us to remake and reinvent our cities. How well we plan and design our living environments will matter.

Designing our city looks at how Singapore is planned for long-term sustainability, encouraging us to think about how we can shape it and new ideas that can transform our future.