It is widely believed that bioenergy will contribute significantly to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, higher energy security, and stimulate rural development. On the other hand, competition with food production for land and water as well as carbon and biodiversity losses due to the large-scale removal of natural vegetation for biomass plantations are among the most important arguments raised against any further expansion of the bioenergy sector.

Air cargo origin destination flows in
the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region are heavily
concentrated in the largest economies of South America and
Mexico. With 32.7 percent of the airfreight moved to, from,
and within the region, Brazil is the largest cargo market,
followed by Colombia and Mexico, with 17.9 percent and 16.0
percent, respectively. The relatively small size of the air
cargo market in LAC can be explained by: (i) low levels of

This report evaluates International
Development Association (IDA) support to Nepal during
2003-2008. IDA’s overarching goal during this period was to
support the Government’s efforts to reduce poverty and
improve human well-being. IDA focused on helping to foster
broad-based growth, social development, social inclusion,
and good governance. The evaluation highlights the need to
introduce greater realism into the country assistance

The aim of this paper is to review the
state of the productive infrastructure of Uruguay and the
development policies that govern it and to propose policy
options for the long term contribution to achieving a higher
level of economic and sustainable development, based on the
premise that there is a link between the development of a
country's infrastructure and its economic growth. The
study analyzes the institutions and pertinent regulations.

This country program evaluation (CPE)
assesses the outcomes of the World Bank Group (WBG) program
in Timor-Leste during the review period (2000 to 2010). The
WBG’s strategy during this period was to support the
government of the nascent country in three broad areas: (a)
poverty alleviation and the provision of basic social
services, including health and education; (b) development of
state institutions, including creating good governance and

This report is intended to support the
analysis and implementation of reforms aimed at a
strengthening of the intergovernmental system in Colombia.
In mid-2007 congress approved a legislative act as
constitutional amendment that increases the level of the
main transfer to sub-national governments, the General
System of Transfers (SGP). However an adjustment of the
regulations and institutional arrangements within the

Armenia's strong economic growth
from 2001-2008, when real gross domestic product (GDP) grew
12.6 percent per year on average, boosted living standards
and created the fiscal headroom necessary for the Government
to respond to the 2009 financial crisis with a large fiscal
stimulus. As a result, the fiscal deficit reached 7.6
percent in 2009 and helped limit the contraction in real GDP
to 14 percent. With the economy growing again, the stimulus

This evaluation assesses the outcomes of
World Bank Group’s (WBG’s) development support to the West
Bank and Gaza for the period 2001-09. It covers the programs
of the World Bank - International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD), International Development
Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC),
and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The
main objectives of the WBG program were broad, reflecting

The primary aim of this evaluation is to
develop lessons from the Bank’s experience in the three
selected countries of Columbia, Tunisia, and Turkey
regarding assistance aimed at employment creation and
earnings growth. The evaluation focuses on employment
creation and earnings growth because these have a strong
bearing on the extent to which the central objective of
poverty reduction is achieved. The evaluation assesses the

These organizations have joined together to recommend the principles presented below. The document concludes with anticipated next steps, which point toward a toolkit of best practices, guidelines, governance frameworks, and possibly codes of practice by the major sets of private actors.

Projections of future crop yields are highly uncertain. At global to regional scale, CO2 fertilization has the potential to generally increase crop yields on current crop land. However, it is highly unlikely that yield increases due to CO2 fertilization will be fully achieved in most regions, as long term positive effects are subject to scientific debate and increased yield levels require also adaptations in management.

The air transport market in Sub-Saharan
Africa presents a strong dichotomy. In Southern and East
Africa the market is growing: three strong hubs and three
major African carriers dominate international and domestic
markets, which are becoming increasingly concentrated. In
contrast, in Central and West Africa the sector is
stagnating, with the vacuum created by the collapse of Cote
d'Ivoire and the demise of several regional airlines,