There are many reasons to believe that
Syrian agriculture has great potential for the future. The
liberalisation of agriculture in Eastern Europe delivered
rapid growth in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Countries
such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary,
Kazachstan, Romania and Russia achieved labour productivity
growth in constant US$ terms of over 7 percent between 1998
and 2004. Syria has a global comparative advantage in fruit

Benefit-Sharing Mechanisms (BSMs) work to redistribute the benefits of a healthy watershed equitably to everyone and to create a virtuous circle between the welfare of people and the ecosystems they live in.

Este documento investigativo parte de un elemento de la variabilidad climática y de las consecuencias generadas por el calentamiento global, estas son las inundaciones. Estas alteraciones climáticas generan fenómenos extremos, con serias consecuencias para el ambiente y la sociedad, sobre todo para los grupos más vulnerables.

The success of reducing carbon emissions
from deforestation and forest degradation depends on the
design of an effective financial mechanism that provides
landholders sufficient incentives to participate and provide
additional and permanent carbon offsets. This paper proposes
self-enforcing contracts as a potential solution for the
constraints in formal contract enforcement derived from the
stylized facts of reducing emissions from deforestation and

This paper reviews the literature on the
potential biophysical and economic impacts of climate change
in the Himalayas. Existing observations indicate that the
temperature is rising at a higher rate in Nepal and Chinese
regions of the Himalayas compared with rest of the
Himalayas. A declining trend of monsoon in the western
Indian Himalayas and an increasing trend in the eastern
Indian Himalayas have been observed, whereas increasing

The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN)
has formulated an ambitious strategy, known as Vision 20:
2020, which aims to make Nigeria the world s 20th largest
economy by 2020. This book argues that there are many ways
that Nigeria can achieve the Vision 20: 2020 development
objectives for 2020 and beyond, but with up to 32 percent
lower carbon emissions. A lower carbon path offers not only
the global benefits of reducing contributions to climate

What is the relationship between
employment and conflict in fragile states? Although this
question cannot be definitively answered, a large body of
research suggests that in countries emerging from conflict,
peace is likelier to endure if growth can be rapidly
restored and translated into economic opportunities for
large segments of the population. With a focus on
Sub-Saharan Africa, this report attempts to address the

This book analyzes the risks to
Nigeria's development prospects that climate change
poses to agriculture, livestock, and water management. These
sectors were chosen because they are central to achieving
the growth, livelihood, and environmental objectives of
Vision 20: 2020; and because they are already vulnerable to
current climate variability. Since other sectors might also
be affected, the findings of this research provide

The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN)
and the World Bank have agreed to carry out a Climate Change
Assessment (CCA) within the framework of the Bank's
Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) for Nigeria (2010-13).
The CCA includes an analysis of options for low-carbon
development in selected sectors, including power, oil and
gas, transport, and agriculture. The goal of the low-carbon
analysis is to define likely trends in carbon emissions up

Senegal is implementing a Disaster Risk Management (DRM) framework and has established a public private agriculture insurance company. Rules, responsibilities and operational procedures need clarification, ideally guided by the findings of a fiscal disaster risk assessment. Insurance mechanisms are not considered in (sovereign) catastrophe risk transfer so far.

The Mapping Carbon Pricing Initiatives Report maps existing and emerging carbon pricing initiatives around the world. It does not provide a quantitative, transaction-based analysis of the international carbon market since current market conditions invalidate any attempt to undertake such an analysis. The development of national and subnational carbon pricing initiatives in an increasing number of countries calls for a different focus.

This paper sheds light on how to harvest
the "youth dividend" in Sub-Saharan Africa by
creating jobs in agriculture. The agriculture that attracts
the youth will have to be profitable, competitive, and
dynamic. These are the same characteristics needed for
agriculture to deliver growth, to improve food security, and
to preserve a fragile natural environment. With higher
priority accorded to implementation of well-designed public