In agriculture, surveying is required to prepare topographical maps that indicate variations in the level of the land's surface. Topographical maps are necessary as a base for the preparation of research station maps which include layout of field, buildings, roads, and soil conservation measures.

Summarizes recent research (to 1991) on rural land markets in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region and on the relationship between this research and broader land tenure issues. The purpose of the project that prompted this paper was to carry out cross-country and longitudinal research on land tenure issues in the LAC region so as to provide an instructive and informative analysis of how tenure patterns affect economic, rural development, and environmental issues.

Discusses the Development of alley cropping and alley farming, uses of trees and shrubs in fallow systems, hedgegrow establishment and management and benefits for crop production and livestock. Examines the economic aspects and social acceptability of alley farming.

Presents and discusses research results on feed resources, agroindustrial by-products utilisation, forage production, use of crop residues, dairy feeding systems, feeding strategies, introduction and adoption of improved forage technologies, nutritive value of different forages, effects of management on animal performance, effect of supplements on feed utilisation, potential of agricultural by-products as animal feeds, and effects of management on pasture grasses & legumes; and evaluates the utilisation of these results by smallholders.

At least 20 percent of the Somalian population are refugees, many from Ethiopia. The Refugee Adult Education Unit has a preliteracy phase, offering health and agricultural instruction; a basic literacy phase, teaching reading and writing; and a postliteracy/continuing education phase, enabling skill retention and reinforcement. (SK)

Field work for this study was conducted between the months of November 1989 and February 1990. Its purpose was to establish the direction and magnitude of change that had occurred among the resettled farmers, socially and economically.To achieve that goal, it became necessary to document and analyze the socio-economic changes among the settlers in the scheme. The demonstration model was the theoretical orientation that was used to guide and inform this study.