အကျဉ်းချုပ်
၂၀၁၁ ခုနှစ်တွင် ဦးသိန်းစိန် သမ္မတဖြစ်လာပြီးနောက်၊ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၏ နိုင်ငံရေးနှင့် စီးပွားရေး
ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲမှုများသည် နိုင်ငံ၏အနာဂတ်အတွက် ကြီးမားသောလွတ်လပ်မှုများ မကြံုစဖူးသော
အကောင်းမြင်မှုများသို့ ဦးတည်ခဲ့ပါသည်။ သို့ရာတွင် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတစ်ဝန်းရှိ လူ့အသိုုက်အဝန်းများတွင်၊
အာဏာပိုင်များသည် ဖိနှိပ်သောဥပဒေများကို ဆက်လက်ကျင့်သုံးနေပြီး၊ ယခင်စစ်အစိုးရများ
လက်ထက်တွင် ကျင့်သုံးနေကျကိုသာ ဆက်လက်အသုံးချလျက် ရှိပါသည်။
မြို့ပြနှင့် ကျေးလက်တောနယ်၊ မြန်မာဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာနှင့် လူနည်းစုများ၊ ချမ်းသာသူနှင့် ဆင်းရဲသူ အပါအဝင်

Documentary by the Land Core Group Myanmar, where 70% of the Myanmar population are smallholder farmers, about the challenges faced by poor farmers from land grabbing and land dispossession in rural Myanmar...Interviews with land activists and dispossessed farmers in different parts of the country... sections on: resistance to land-grabbing; Myanmar land law and policies (where customary tenure and women's land rights are not explicitly recognised); efficiency of smallholder practice...

After decades of turmoil and
instability, a period of calm and progress evolved in
Guinea-Bissau in 2009. A military coup in April 2012
interrupted it. A fresh start is needed to alter the
dynamics that kept Guinea-Bissau poor. In 2013, Gross
National Income per capita was US$590. Average economic
growth barely kept pace with population growth. In 2010,
poverty at the national poverty line of US$2 a day was 70

This is the first investment climate
assessment (ICA) for Myanmar. The main objectives of this
ICA are to: (i) provide an up-to-date and fact-based
analysis of the business environment for the government and
other stakeholders in Myanmar to help prioritize and
contextualize the reform agenda, and (ii) to offer a
baseline for future assessments of progress in terms of the
investment climate reform agenda. As requested by the

The first paper of this section
(Durand-Laserve) documents how increasing pressures on urban
land and the 'commodification' of shelter and
settlement has increased 'market evictions' of
families holding intermediate tide to property, although
international declarations and pressures have contributed to
reducing 'forced evictions.' The second paper
(Mooya and Cloete) uses the tools of the New Institutional

This working paper concerns the growth
of investment climate in the Philippines. There are several
resounding ideas in areas both positive and negative. The
growth potential in the Philippines is considerable. The
country has significant natural resources; a large pool of
managerial and entrepreneurial talent; and widespread
proficiency in English. The Government's Medium Term
Development Plan (MTDP), 2005-2010 sets ambitious growth and

Chapter one summarizes the scope of the
study and outlines its key objectives. It explains the
rationale for collecting data on SMEs in Mongolia in general
and women-owned SMEs in particular. It also provides
recommendations for integrating the insights form the study
into the on-the-ground practice of SME banking, as well as
potential interventions on the regulatory and policy level.
Chapter two begins with the analysis of the general

The City of Ulaanbaatar (UB) is
undergoing a historic transformation toward market-driven
urban development. This growth remains strongly influenced
by city policy decisions that affect the supply and location
of land for public and private uses. Private investment is
concentrated in well-serviced land located in the central
portion of the city and along major transportation
corridors, which represent a small part of the total built

In this issue: Facilitating labor
migration from the Philippines; Incentives and teacher
effort; Electoral accountability and local public spending
in Indonesia; Why don't poor countries do R&D?; How
effective are efforts to raise voluntary enrollment in
health insurance?; How insecure property rights affect
migration in China; the challenges of public service
delivery in the Pacific Islands.

This paper studies the relationship
between inequality of opportunity and development outcomes
in a cross-country setting. Scholars have long debated the
impact of inequality on growth, development, and the quality
of institutions in a society. The empirical relationships
are however confounded by the notion that
"inequality" can be seen as a composite of
inequality arising from differences in effort and ability,

Using a newly compiled database of
women's property rights and legal capacity covering 100
countries over 50 years, this paper analyzes the triggers
and barriers to reform. The database documents gender gaps
in the ability to access and own assets, to sign legal
documents in one's own name, and to have equality or
non-discrimination as a guiding principle of the
country's constitution. Progress in reducing these