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Terms of Reference: CGIAR Science Group Evaluations

December, 2023
Global

The evaluation function of the Independent Advisory and Evaluation Services (IAES), is executing the 2024 evaluations of the three Science Groups (SGs)—Systems Transformation (ST), Resilient Agrifood Systems (RAFS), and Genetic Innovation (GI). The evaluation Terms of Reference (TORs), which are endorsed by the Strategic Impact, Monitoring, and Evaluation Committee (SIMEC) and build on the Concept Note, are presented to the CGIAR System Council (SC19) as a pre-read.

Methane emission, carbon footprint and productivity of specialized dairy cows supplemented with bitter cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

December, 2023
Global

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) supplementation on enteric methane (CH4) emissions, carbon footprint, and production parameters in dairy cows. Daily concentrate supply for Jersey and Jersey * Holstein breeds was evaluated in four treatments (T): T1: 100% commercial concentrate; T2: 70% concentrate + 30% cassava leaves; T3: 70% concentrate + 30% cassava roots; and T4: 70% concentrate + 15% cassava leaves + 15% cassava root chips. Measurements of CH4 emissions were performed using the polytunnel technique.

Automated in-season rice crop mapping using Sentinel time-series data and Google Earth Engine: A case study in climate-risk prone Bangladesh

December, 2023
Bangladesh

High-resolution mapping of rice fields is crucial for understanding and managing rice cultivation in countries like Bangladesh, particularly in the face of climate change. Rice is a vital crop, cultivated in small scale farms that contributes significantly to the economy and food security in Bangladesh. Accurate mapping can facilitate improved rice production, the development of sustainable agricultural management policies, and formulation of strategies for adapting to climatic risks.

Understanding diversity in gender norms within farming communities: A Q-methodology approach applied in Uganda

December, 2023
Uganda

Women’s and men’s opportunities are influenced by gender norms which shape their respective behaviours, roles and decision-making power. Gender norms thus influence farming outcomes and the ability of women and men to secure their livelihood objectives. We study gender norms and normative change in a smallholder farming community in Uganda. We argue that gender norms operate in sets and that multiple sets of gender norms may co-exist in the same location.

Human-nature interactions in the Afrotropics: experiential and cognitive connections among urban residents in southern Nigeria

December, 2023
Nigeria

Many people are losing direct contact with nature, a phenomenon termed as the extinction of experience. Urban dwellers are particularly affected by this process that influences public health and habitat conservation. We explored the extinction of experience among the urban populace in Nigeria, a clear Global South representative with rapidly increasing human population. We interviewed 600 adults from several cities and performed statistical tests. Results show that most respondents have no contact nor connection with nature, revealing an important distancing from the natural world.

Development of methods for improving flowering and seed set of diverse germplasm in cassava breeding

December, 2023
Global

Cassava breeding faces obstacles due to late flowering and poor flower and seed set. The acceleration of breeding processes and the reduction in each cycle’s duration hinge upon efficiently conducting crosses to yield ample progeny for subsequent cycles. Our primary objective was to identify methods that provide tools for cassava breeding programs, enabling them to consistently and rapidly generate offspring from a wide array of genotypes. In greenhouse trials, we examined the effects of the anti-ethylene silver thiosulfate (STS) and the cytokinin benzyladenine (BA).

Response to heat stress and glutenins allelic variation effects on quality traits in durum wheat

December, 2023
Global

In the context of climate change, high temperature is one of the main abiotic stresses hampering durum wheat production. Through the characterization of an international panel of 271 genotypes, this study investigates the effects of heat stress on quality traits and identifies which glutenins (Glu-1, Glu-2 and Glu-3 loci) alleles are the most important to obtain high gluten strength under optimal and high temperature conditions.

Double-booked: Effects of overlap between school and farming calendars on education and child labor

December, 2023
United States of America

Across sub-Saharan Africa, countries with a greater percentage of overlapping days in their school and farming calendars also have lower primary school survival rates. In theory, greater overlap between the school and farming calendars should indeed reduce schooling investments, and farm-based child labor too, as it constrains the time allocation opportunity set for both productive activities.

Genomic regions of durum wheat involved in water productivity

December, 2023
Global

Durum wheat is a staple food of the Mediterranean Basin, mostly cultivated under rainfed conditions. As such, the crop is often exposed to moisture stress. Therefore, the identification of genetic factors controlling the capacity of genotypes to convert moisture into grain yield (i.e., water productivity) is quintessential to stabilize production despite climatic variations. A global panel of 384 accessions was tested across eighteen Mediterranean environments (Morocco, Lebanon, and Jordan) representing a vast range of moisture levels.

Resilience – and collapse – of local food systems in conflict affected areas; reflections from Burkina Faso

December, 2023
Burkina Faso

Armed conflicts are among the major disruptions affecting local food systems in low- and middle-income countries, having devastating effects on populations’ food security. The understanding of the mechanisms linking conflicts to food insecurity is limited, however, by a lack of data on how these conflicts affect the different actors of local food systems. In this study, we aim to address this gap, using empirical data from the northeast region of Burkina Faso where an active conflict is occurring.

Compounding stresses confront rural households in southern Malawi

December, 2023
Malawi

Southern Malawi has historically been less food secure than the rest of the country, and the current lean season will be no different. The Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee expects 2,460,000 people in the Southern Region (29% of its population) to require humanitarian assistance at the peak of the lean season in February and March 2024, compared to 1,560,000 people in the Central Region (18% of its population) and 388,000 people in the Northern Region (15% of its population) (MVAC 2023).