Despite rapid economic growth, gender
disparities in women's economic participation have
remained deep and persistent in India. What explains these
gender disparities? Is it poor infrastructure, limited
education, or the composition of the labor force and
industries? Or is it deficiencies in social and business
networks and a low share of incumbent female entrepreneurs?
This note analyzes the spatial determinants of female

This note examines changes in
vulnerability to oil price increases over a five-year period
ending in 2008. A decomposition analysis applied to one
hundred and fifty-eight countries found that vulnerability
had increased in eighty-two percent of countries, with more
than half experiencing vulnerability exceeding five percent
in 2008 and one fifth experiencing vulnerability exceeding
ten percent. This document explores the background of the

Kazakhstan aspires to become one of the
world s 30 most developed economies by 2050. The focus is on
laying the basis for the accelerated diversification of the
economy through industrialization and infrastructure
development, including enhancing human capital to drive
innovation and economic efficiency. This country economic
memorandum report adopts an analytical framework that looks
into options that will be explored to help authorities think

The importance of agriculture in the
economies of sub-Saharan African countries cannot be
overemphasized. With agriculture accounting for about 65
percent of the region's employment and 75 percent of
its domestic trade, significant progress in reducing hunger
and poverty across the region depends on the development and
transformation of the agricultural sector. Transforming
agriculture from largely a subsistence enterprise to a

Regional trade in Africa can play a
vital role in diversifying economies and reducing dependence
on the export of a few mineral products, in delivering food
and energy security, in generating jobs for the increasing
numbers of young people, and in alleviating poverty and
promoting a shared prosperity. Women play a key role in
trade in Africa and will be essential to Africa's
success in exploiting its trade potential. In many countries

By Dr. Gregory Myers, USAID Division Chief, Land Tenure and Property Rights.
Last week, I visited Haiti to assess the land tenure and property rights situation there—four years after a 7.0 magnitude earthquake killed between 100,000 and 300,000 people and displaced another 1.5 million. Many Haitians continue to live in extreme poverty and much needs to be done to address the weak property rights system that slows economic growth and hinders infrastructure rebuilding efforts.

Côte d’Ivoire emerged from a decade-long civil war in early 2011, but its diamonds—which played a role in sustaining the conflict—have remained on the world’s black lists. In November 2013, however, the Kimberley Process (KP) Plenary in Johannesburg recognized that Cote d’Ivoire had met minimum requirements of the KP Certification Scheme, the international mechanism to prevent conflict diamonds from entering the world’s markets.

Property rights represent the maximum power over a good. This is the essence of that right. However, beyond that base is possible a greater or smaller degree of limitation, according to the legal system and the prevailing ideology in the Constitution. the author argues that it is essential to tie the concept to the prevailing economic system, because in a closed economy we can tolerate greater limitations on this right that in an open economy. Peru, certainly, changed its model to an open economy in 1993, when it limited the possibility of expropriation.

For the purposes of this article, we address gender inequality as a dimension ofsocioeconomic inequality expressed in Costa Rica. Through the evaluation of a seriesof socioeconomic variables, we show that even when the country has moved forward interms of recognition of women rights, there is still much to do to achieve greater levels ofequality in the access to productive resources, socio-economic assets and employment.

The aim of this study is to explore the
relationship between women's labor market outcomes and
partner violence among Tanzanian women, and to estimate the
difference in women's weekly earnings between women who
have been abused and women who have not. In addition, this
study estimates the lost earnings to women because of
partner violence as a share of Tanzania's gross
domestic product. Partner violence is the most common form

Fertilizer use in Thailand has become an integral part of agriculture due to the declining availability of arable land and the increasing role of rice and other agricultural exports in the economy. Approximately 47 percent fertilizer is used on rice, production of which has increased from 13.4 million MT to 36 million MT from 1970 to 2010 coinciding with a rise in fertilizer consumption from .2 million MT to 2.6 million MT.

Factsheet