La quinua es un ejemplo extraordinario de un cultivo que pasó de ser considerado olvidado a un cultivo de interés y consumo mundial, tanto es así que la Organización de las Naciones Unidas declararon el año 2013 el Año Internacional de la Quinua. Como todo cultivo en expansión, las plagas y enfermedades asociadas a este cultivo se constituyen en un serio factor restrictivo.

Classification Concepts The FAO Land Cover Classification System software is due to be released in its third version, and with it come four supporting volumes. The first of these is Classification Concepts, which lays the foundation for an understanding of the Land Cover Metalanguage (LCML) that is used to create classes for legends.

German nobility took an important role in Livonia, Estonia and Courland territorial development. During from the period 1870-1913 Riga was the largest export port in Russia province with 550 thousand inhabitants. Towns and large rural population difference resulted Latvian strongly developed agriculture, industry and urbanization.

Land fragmentation is a problem in Europe, and Estonia is not an exception in this respect. Parcel size is widespread characteristic to describe the level of fragmentation. The aim of the study is to find out if there is difference of fragmentation among different groups of landholdings by size.

The price of agricultural land and arable land is particularly low in Estonia when compared to Western European countries. The demand for agricultural land was low during the first decade after the collapse of the Soviet agriculture system. The situation is changing and the demand for agricultural land is increasing at the present time.

The fragmentation of landholdings is considered as disturbing factor for agriculture. The aim of this article is to evaluate the extent of land fragmentation of the large landholdings in Estonia. The Januszewski and Schmook indexes were calculated for that purpose.

Fragmentation of forest landscapes and structural degradation of woodlands have a holistic negative effect on biodiversity. Bats are considered as indicators of woodland’s structural quality. However, as bats commute long distances on a nightly basis, their diversity should also be limited by large-scale drivers such as landscape and species availability in the region.

The protection of fertile soils is a precondition for sustainable development. In the final document of the conference of the United Nations on sustainable development in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro (Rio+20 Conference), the international community thus agreed to strive for a “land degradation neutral world”.