Recently, localized heavy rainfall over highly urbanized areas has caused severe damage in Japan. Although studies have indicated that the presence of urban areas can intensify rainfall, the chaotic noise caused by differences in initial conditions can change the urban effect. Therefore, the usability of ensemble simulation methods for urban effects on a single localized heavy rainfall event must be clarified to synthesize state-of-the-art observations and numerical model studies. This study examined the difference in a localized heavy rainfall event under different initial conditions.

Around 11.5∗10⁶m³ of rock detached from the eastern slope of the Santa Cruz valley (San Juan province, Argentina) in the first fortnight of January 2005. The rockslide–debris avalanche blocked the course, resulting in the development of a lake with maximum length of around 3.5km. The increase in the inflow rate from 47,000–74,000m³/d between April and October to 304,000m³/d between late October and the first fortnight of November, accelerated the growing rate of the lake. On 12 November 2005 the dam failed, releasing 24.6∗10⁶m³ of water.

Indigenous people's struggles in South India for the last four decades have been centred on the general politics of land rights. However, struggles in the recent past have been clearly delineated as striving to not merely gain access to land for cultivation, but also to claim formal individual titles to parcels of land.