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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 56 - 60 of 1046

Regional Law No. 91 amending Regional Decree No. 679 “On the modalities of performance of municipal land control”.

Regulations
March, 2016
Russia

Item 1.10 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Control over enforcement of land legislation for the purpose to verify compliance by citizens with the provisions of land legislation shall be performed staff in charge of local government. Model form of order for performance of inspections shall be validated by normative legal acts of local government”.

Amends: Regional Decree No. 679 “On the modalities of performance of municipal land control”. (2014-12-29)

Regional Law No. 771 amending Regional Law No. 547 “On cultural heritage”.

Legislation
March, 2016
Russia

Article 9 (1) shall be amended to add the following wording: “Boundaries of land area of identified object of cultural heritage could not necessarily correspond to the boundaries of land plots, land-use planning territorial area, and also to the boundaries of sanitary protection areas”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 547 “On cultural heritage”. (2010-12-24)

Regional Law No. 1297-ZZK amending Regional Law No. 152-ZZK “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
March, 2016
Russia

Article 2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional Government shall have the following plenary powers: (a) elaboration, validation and realization of regional state programs related to land tenure and land protection; (b) validation of public land soil rehabilitation projects; (c) governance of public land; (d) expropriation of land for public needs; (e) application of public servitude to land plots; and (f) decision-making related to purchase of land plots”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 152-ZZK “On regulation of land relations”. (2009-03-18)

Regional Law No. 10-ZKO amending Regional Law No. 120-ZKO “On objects of cultural heritage”.

Legislation
March, 2016
Russia

Article 8 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional executive body competent in the sphere of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage shall be responsible for the performance of arrangements related to conservation, management and promotion of the objects of cultural heritage”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 120-ZKO “On objects of cultural heritage”. (2009-08-17)