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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 841 - 845 of 1046

Regional Law No. 11-OZ “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

The scope of this Regional Law shall be realization of plenary powers of state bodies in the sphere of regulation of land relations. It establishes maximum land area allotted to citizens in ownership out of stock of public and municipal land as follows: (a) for farming – 200,0 ha; (b) for gardening and horticulture – 0,25 ha; (c) for stockbreeding – 2,00 ha; and (d) for suburban housing construction – 0,25 ha.

Regional law No. 54-OZ amending Regional Law No. 11-OZ “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “5.1) plot of land for individual housing construction shall be allotted once-only out of stock of public urban land to citizens registered at public authorities for improvement of housing facilities and having three or more children under 18 years of age having permanent residence with their parents”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 11-OZ “On regulation of land relations”. (2011-09-15)
Repealed by: Regional Law No. 10-OZ “On regulation of land relations”. (2015-02-25)

Regional Law No. 68-OZ “On rates of allotment of land parcels to citizens”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes rates of allotment of public land parcels to citizens for farming, gardening, horticulture and stockbreeding as follows: (a) agricultural land for peasant farms – 200 ha; (b) for gardening, horticulture – 0,15 ha per family; (c) land for stockbreeding shall be calculated by livestock species but shall not exceed 0,50 ha. Allotment free of charge of public agricultural land to citizens that have the right to such allotment shall not exceed 0,50 ha.

Regional Law No. 48-Z “On subsoil management”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law regulates relations related to mining, management of mining waste, peat, groundwater and other specific mineral resources. It shall be applicable to subsoil parcels containing solid minerals, including widespread minerals, and subsoil parcels used for purposes non-related to exploration and mining. State supervision over subsoil management shall be carried out with a view of law enforcement. Subsoil parcels shall be conceded for exploration and mining in the form of mining allotment in accordance with licence.

Regional Law No. 94-Z “On municipal land control”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes the modalities of organization and performance of municipal land control and regulates the issues of protection of the rights of legal persons and individual entrepreneurs in the process of carrying out municipal land control. Municipal land control shall carry out the following tasks: (a) land law enforcement; (b) protection of municipal and public interests in the sphere of land tenure; (c) prevention of land offences; and (d) public participation in supervision over compliance with land requirements.