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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 186 - 190 of 1046

Order No. 37 of the Federal Supervision Service over the Objects of Cultural Heritage validating the Regulation on unified state register of objects of cultural heritage.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Order establishes the modalities and common principles of formation and keeping unified state register of objects of cultural heritage that include parks and gardens located on urban land. Unified state register represents information system including database of the objects of cultural heritage. This Order contains registration form (Annex 1) of the objects of cultural heritage.

Regional Law 51-OZ amending Regional Law No. 49-OZ “On delimitation of plenary powers between state bodies in the sphere of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional Legislative Assembly shall establish case of allotment of plots of public land with undelimited ownership to some categories of citizens in private ownership free of charge”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 49-OZ “On delimitation of plenary powers between state bodies in the sphere of land relations”. (2009-06-29)

Regional Law No. 3306-KZ amending Regional Law No. 532-KZ “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 5 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Plenary powers of the authorized Regional state institution in the sphere of regulation of land relations shall include establishment of modification of authorized use of land plots pertaining to regional public property that are not covered by urban planning regulations or for which urban planning regulations were not established”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 532-KZ “On regulation of land relations”. (2009-07-23)

Regional Law No. 52-OZ amending Regional Law No. 39-OZ “On Civic Chamber”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 18 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Conclusions of Civic Chamber shall have non-regulatory status and shall be submitted to bodies and organizations such as state bodies, local self-government, public and municipal bodies and offices”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 39-OZ “On Civic Chamber”. (2015-06-08)