Women play an increasingly greater role in agriculture. Ensuring that they have opportunities—equal to those of men—to participate in transforming agriculture is a prerequisite for sustainable intensification. Increased gender equity in agriculture is both a practical and a social justice issue: practical because women are responsible for much of the production by smallholders; and social justice because in many cases they currently do not have rights over land and water resources, nor full access to markets, and often they do not even control the crops they produce.

The study provides a framework to estimate the health risk of farmers using wastewater in agriculture.
The study addresses the SDG 6.3: to contribute to inform water recycling and reuse.
Exposure to wastewater via contact with Nhue River water, pond water and composted excreta represents an important health risk.
Study results are useful in developing an integrated strategy for risk management in the agricultural settings.

The rapid development of farmer-led irrigation is increasing agricultural productivity, incomes, employment and nutrition, but it might well not achieve its full potential. Small-scale irrigators tend to be younger, male and better-off. Women and resource-poor farmers – the majority of farmers in sub-Saharan Africa– are disadvantaged and often excluded from the numerous benefits to be gained from irrigation.

This Research Report chronicles the evolution of thinking on water productivity in the research agenda of IWMI and in the broader irrigation literature over the past 20 years. It describes the origins of the concept and the methodological developments, its operationalization through applied research, and some lessons learned over the two decades of research.

Environmental flows (EF) are an important component of Goal 6 (the ‘water goal’) of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet, many countries still do not have well-defined criteria on how to define EF. In this study, we bring together the International Water Management Institute’s (IWMI’s) expertise and previous research in this area to develop a new methodology to quantify EF at a global scale. EF are developed for grids (0.1 degree spatial resolution) for different levels of health (defined as environmental management classes [EMCs]) of river sections.

This literature review was commissioned by Project “G3 - Water Governance and Community-based Management”, one of several projects funded by the Challenge Programme on Water and Food (CPWF) in the Ganges Basin. The project seeks to understand the different modes and outcomes of water governance in selected polders and the role that communities play in such governance.

n this paper, we review the historical evolution of policies, projects and institutions
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