The Republic of Kazakhstan proclaims itself a democratic, secular, legal and social state whose highest values are an individual, his life, rights and freedoms (Article 1). Human rights and freedoms in the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be recognized and guaranteed in accordance with this Constitution (Article 11). The Republic of Kazakhstan shall recognize and by the same token protect state and private property. The land and underground resources, waters, flora and fauna, other natural resources shall be owned by the state.

All citizens of the Republic of Moldova are equal before the Law indifferent on their origin, their origin, their social and patrimonial state, their race and nationality, their sex, education, language, religion, occupation, place of residence and other circumstances (Article 4).

Uzbekistan is a sovereign democratic republic. Both names of the state - the Republic of Uzbekistan and Uzbekistan - shall be equivalent (Article 1). All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan, regardless of their nationality, constitute the people of Uzbekistan (Article 8). Democracy in the Republic of Uzbekistan shall rest on the principles common to all mankind, according to which the ultimate value is the human being, his life, freedom, honour, dignity and other inalienable rights. Democratic rights and freedoms shall be protected by the Constitution and the laws (Article 13).

This Law establishes legal, economic and organizational grounds for the functioning of State land cadastre. It contains VII Sections divided into 41 Articles: (I) General provisions; (II) State bodies responsible for keeping state land cadastre; (III) Data contained in state land cadastre; (IV) Keeping state land cadastre; (V) Guarantees of reliability of data contained in state land cadastre, liability in the sphere of state land cadastre; (VI) Fees and charges for services rendered by state land cadastre; and (VII) Conclusive and transitional provisions.

The purpose of this Act is to contribute to the strengthening of agricultural competitiveness, the balanced development of the national economy and the preservation of national land based on the stabilization of farmers' agricultural management and the improvement of agricultural productivity through the efficient utilization and management of farmland by prescribing necessary matters for ownership, utilization, preservation, etc. of farmland.

The purpose of this Act is to improve and develop agricultural infrastructure, living environments of rural communities, rural tourism and resort resources, marginal farmland, etc. in an integrated and systematic manner, to raise the competitiveness of the agricultural and fisheries industries and facilitate the improvement of living environments of rural communities in order to contribute to the construction of modernized rural communities and balanced national development.

The purpose of this Act is to raise funds for the maintenance and management of agricultural production infrastructure, and thus contribute to the development of agricultural and fishing villages by developing and using agricultural infrastructure and its adjacent areas in a systematic and environment-friendly manner.

This Act regulates the devolution of the estate of any person who dies intestate, having regard to international private law and, in particular, customary law. Any person who dies leaving a will disposing of part of his or her estate shall be deemed to have died intestate under this Law in respect of that part of his or her estate which is not disposed of in the will and accordingly the provisions of this Law shall apply to such part of his or her estate.

El resumen informativo: "Land Tenure and REDD+" traducido en Español.
Release Date: Monday, August 1, 2011File:  La Tenencia de Tierras y el REDD+

Both statutory and customary tenure systems are under stress in the face of global demographic growth, growing food scarcity, and environmental degradation of land, fisheries, and forest resources—compounded by the forces of global climate change. When resource tenure and property rights are insecure, the potential for sustainable resource management is undermined. However, as this issue brief illustrates, when the rules and institutions governing the use, transfer, and ownership of resources are secure, then the foundations are in place for sustainable resource management.

The first section of this issue brief reviews the largely under-recognized place of the ASM sector in national economies. Next, it describes briefly how ASM has been at the root of many resource conflicts in developing countries—particularly in west and central Africa. This is followed by a discussion of how the clarification of property rights contributes to the reduction of conflicts over mineral resources.

This issue brief first examines the causes of land-related conflict, then examines how the issues and opportunities change through the conflict cycle: before, during and after violent conflict. This approach gives less attention to staples of the post-conflict land literature such as restitution and dispute management, but provides a more robust understanding of the longer-term challenges that are typically addressed by development rather than relief agencies.
Release Date: Wednesday, March 27, 2013File:  Land Disputes and Land Conflict