This monitoring and evaluation framework (M&EF) for Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has been developed to foster the effective transformation of the agricultural sector toward resilient, low-carbon development, and to check whether the implementation of the Kenya Climate Smart Implementation Framework (KCSAIF) objectives, outcomes, and outputs are proceeding as planned, in order to support optimal planning and efficiency in the utilization of resources.

This socio-legal analysis provides an overview of existing land governance arrangements in The Gambia as they relate to women’s access to land and resources. It discusses two different types of land tenure interventions: title deeds and certification. These inventions vary according to different types of recognized rights-holders and the area in which rights are being formalized. Access to and control over land and other productive resources in The Gambia is shaped by complex tenure systems.

This occasional paper presents a new approach to examining how multi-stakeholder forums (MSFs) on land use and land-use change address equity. Based on a review of cases in the scholarly literature, we engage with MSFs from two key characteristics: the degree to which an MSF includes local peoples as part of a forest-landscape solution (its intensity), and the degree to which an MSF and/or its goals or objectives are embedded or entangled in wider societal or governmental programs and processes (its embeddedness).

Owing to high rates of land and forest degradation, there is consensus that forest landscape restoration is a global priority with the Bonn Challenge and the New York Declaration on Forests committing to restore about 350 Million hectares by 2030, globally. However, there is a need for incentives that motivate these restoration efforts and disincentives aimed at restricting activities that result in further land degradation.

County Climate Risk Profiles are a key tool to guide climate smart agriculture (CSA) investments and priorities at the county level in Kenya. These documents provide analyses of the underlying causes of vulnerability and on-going and potential climate change adaptation strategies. They also provide a snapshot of the enabling environment for building resilience by providing a synthesis of the policy, institutional and governance context.

India faces crucial challenges of food security and sustainability. The country needs to grow a significantly higher quantity and quality of food to provide adequate nourishment to a population that is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by 2050. Furthermore, its environmental factors are already severely stressed. For instance, India has only 4% of the world’s freshwater resources but has 17% of the global population. Given the nature of agriculture in India which relies heavily on groundwater, the country is facing severe depletion in a large majority of its aquifers.

A lack of information about the living customary systems that manage commons in Madagascar hampers efforts to identify the levels at which collectivities charged with allocating land and enforcing land claims should receive legal recognition. To help address this knowledge gap and inform ongoing legal reforms aimed at recognizing collective tenure, we reviewed relevant legal texts and field studies of Malagasy tenure systems.

This Annual Report documents a firm foundation for results in all five Strategy impact areas of the One CGIAR Research and Innovation Strategy, demonstrating the relevance of WLE within the “systems transformation approach for food, land and water systems” that it maps out.