Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 631 - 635 of 1046Federal Law No. 234-FZ amending Land Code (No. 136-FZ of 2001).
Article 12 shall be amended to add the following wording: “The scope of land protection shall be prevention and liquidation of soil pollution, exhaustion, degradation, destruction and damaging of land and soil, and prevention of other negative impact on land and soil, ensuring rational land tenure, including soil rehabilitation of agricultural land and improvement of soil”.
Amends: Land Code (No. 136-FZ of 2001). (2001-10-25)
Federal Law No. 486-FZ amending Federal Law No. 122-FZ on state registration of immovable property and its transactions.
Article 7 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Possessor (legal holder) of rights to land or his legal representative at their request shall be issued certificate of the state body that registered rights to land or other documents attesting transactions with land”.
Amends: Federal Law No. 122-FZ on state registration of immovable property and its transactions. (1997-07-21)
Federal Law No. 318-FZ amending Federal Law No. 221-FZ on state cadastre of immovable property.
Article 6 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Maps and plans that constitute the basis of cadaster shall be subject to periodic renewal no less than once in ten years”.
Amends: Federal Law No. 221-FZ on state cadastre of immovable property. (2007-07-24)
Federal Law No. 499-FZ amending Land Code (No. 136-FZ of 2001).
Article 5 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Possessors (legal holders) of rights to land shall be considered owners of land plots, land tenants, landlords and land lease holders”.
Amends: Land Code (No. 136-FZ of 2001). (2001-10-25)
Federal Law No. 171-FZ amending Land Code (No. 136-FZ of 2001).
Article 11 shall be amended to add the following wording: “In case of redistribution of land and land plot the existence of the initial land plot shall ceases and land shall be consolidated in the form of a new land plot”.
Amends: Land Code (No. 136-FZ of 2001). (2001-10-25)