Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 731 - 735 of 1046Regional Law No. 20 amending Regional Law No. 46 “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 12 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Contract of lease of agricultural land pertaining to regional or municipal property shall be concluded for the period from three to nine years, except for cases established by the Federal legislation”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 46 “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2006-05-05)
Order No. 458 of the Federal Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring Service validating the Regulation on mapping in Antarctica.
This Ministerial Decree establishes the modalities of mapping of the infrastructure pertaining to the Russian Federation in Antarctica and installation of information signs by the authorized state operator.
Regional Law No. 170 “On turnover and land-use planning of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law establishes the particulars of turnover and land-use planning of agricultural land. Minimum consolidated agricultural land area resulting from privatization shall be 60 ha. Maximum agricultural land area that can be owned by a single natural or legal person shall not exceed 50 percent of the whole available agricultural land area within a municipal district. Regional administration, represented by the authorized executive body shall have preferential right of purchase of a plot of agricultural land at commercial value except for public auction sale.
Regional Law No. 22 amending Regional Law No. 45 “On land”.
Article 90 shall be amended to add the following wording: “In order to prevent negative anthropogenic impact upon protected areas, including state nature reserves, national parks, natural parks and nature monuments on adjacent land areas and waterbodies shall be constituted protection areas”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 45 “On land”. (2006-11-03)
Order No. 36 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology validating the Regulation on state nature reserve “Nurgush”.
This Order establishes that protection area shall be established with a view of protection of unique nature complexes and ecosystems of the protected area against unfavourable anthropogenic impact, conservation of old-age forests and biological diversity. Forest plots within the boundaries of protection area shall not be expropriated from landowners, land tenants, and servitude holders.