Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 751 - 755 of 1046Federal Law No. 123-FZ amending Land Code (No. 136-FZ of 2001).
Article 45 shall be amended to add the following wording: “The right to permanent (open-ended) tenancy of a land plot can be mandatorily stopped in the following cases: (a) non-purposeful use of land with flagrant violation of rational land management regulations; (b) soil damages; (c) non-fulfilment of land reclamation arrangements; and (d) non-utilization of agricultural land for agricultural purposes for a period of three years and over”.
Amends: Land Code (No. 136-FZ of 2001). (2001-10-25)
Ministerial Decree No. 296 amending Ministerial Decree No. 874 validating the Regulation on allocation of subsidies for partial compensation of expenditure of peasant farms for legalization of ownership of agricultural land.
Item 5 shall be amended to add the following wording: “In the process of distribution of subsidies shall be also taken into consideration the amount of budgetary allocation envisaged by regional budget (local budget) confirmed by extract from regional budget (local budget) and the level of co-financing of expenditure obligation at the expense of subsidies determined in accordance with the item 8 of this Regulation”.
Regional Law No. 106-ZSO “On classification of land areas as protected areas”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of classification of land areas as protected areas, specifying that the following land categories shall be considered protected areas: (a) protected natural territories; (b) environmental protection land; (c) recreational land areas; (d) land of historical and cultural heritage; and (e) particularly valuable land. Competent public authority for attribution to the aforesaid land categories the status of protected area shall be regional executive body and local government.
Regional Law No. 709-02-ZMO “On service land plots”.
This Regional Law establishes categories of workers having the right of allotment of service land plots. The aforesaid land plots shall be parcels of agricultural land allotted free of charge for fixed-term land tenancy for agricultural production. Dimensions of service land plots shall be established individually by employing organizations.
Regional Law No. 462-01-ZMO “On regulation of land relations”.
This Regional Law establishes priorities of the regional land policy as follows: (a) conservation of most valuable land; (b) conservation of agricultural land and protected areas; (c) realization of the right of regional residents to land allotment; (d) land tenure by methods ensuring conservation of ecosystem; and (e) payment of land charges for land use. Public and municipal land can be allotted to citizens in ownership, on lease, permanent (open-ended) tenancy or fixed-term tenancy free of charge.