The structure of this review is as follows: the first section discusses how contract farming is defined for the purposes of this review and  briefly describes the history and extent of contract farming globally. The second section details the main factors contributing to the increased incidence of contract farming in developing countries, and describes the most common models utilised. Section 3 covers the main conceptual and theoretical perspectives on contract farming.

La présente loi a pour buts d’exécuter la législation forestière fédérale, de désigner les autorités d’application et de fixer leurs compétences. Elle vise également: a) à favoriser une gestion optimale des forêts; b) à promouvoir l’utilisation du bois d’origine indigène; c) à assurer un traitement sylvicole adapté aux conditions naturelles et aux fonctions de la forêt.

Le présent règlement met en exécution la loi du 2 mars 1999 sur les forêts et la protection contre les catastrophes naturelles. Le texte comprend 92 articles répartis en 9 chapitres comme suit: Dispositions générales (1er); Protection des forêts contre les atteintes de l’homme (2); Protection contre les catastrophes naturelles (3); Entretien et exploitation des forêts (4); Formation professionnelle, vulgarisation et information (5); Mesures d’encouragement (6); Forêts domaniales (7); Dispositions pénales (8); Dispositions finales (9).

The main objective of this paper is to provide a) a presentation of the diversity of land related conflicts in Africa, b) an analysis of underlying causes of conflicts and experiences in conflict resolution and, c) lessons learnt and best practices from the policy and legal responses and links with enhancement of land governance in the region.

La presente Resolución tiene como objeto establecer los requisitos y el procedimiento para la sustracción de zonas de reserva forestal, de conformidad con los estudios realizados por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, para su utilización en explotación diferente a la forestal, con el propósito de adelantar los programas de reforma agraria y desarrollo rural, así como también para los fines de atención, asistencia y reparación integral a las víctimas del conflicto armado interno.

The 2008 report by ActionAid suggests that, since women and girls are overrepresented among poor and excluded people, the food crisis is having a particularly harsh impact on them.  According to the FAO, even before the current crisis women made up 60% of the chronically hungry.

[adapted from UNDP] May, 2008- This UNDP discussion paper ‘Pro-Poor Land Tenure Reform and Democratic Governance’ provides a review of how different types of land tenure reform relate to decentralization and local governance, in theory and in practice.  The discussion suggests that in order to create more democratic and transparent local management of land resources, special mechanisms to protect women against direct and indirect discrimination, as well as the establishment of local land committees and land tribunals for conflict resolution are needed.

[adapted from GTZ] 1999- More than one hundred technical co-operation projects on three continents supported by the various technical departments of GTZ were involved in this discussion on Land Use Planning, paying specific attention to gender and women’s promotion through its pilot program “Gender and Women’s Promotion”.

[adapted from ActionAid] October, 2012- The report states that the importance of land to rural women goes beyond growing food. Having secure access to, and independent control over, land can mean the difference between, on the one hand, enjoying rights such as education and freedom from violence or, on the other, continual subjugation in society. ActionAid view security of land tenure for impoverished rural communities as a fundamental component of dignified, sustainable development and a crucial step towards reducing poverty and reducing inequality.

[September 2008]

Within this report, the FAO outlines its efforts to reinforce local institutions and promote policies and legislation that aim for fairer access for both women and men to natural resources (particularly land, water, fishing and forestry) and to the relevant economic and social resources.

It goes on to approach the reasons why land tenure should be taken into account in project design, highlighting ecological issues, questions of gender, conflict and migrations, and the relationships between them.

[via UNDP, 2008] These 4 Policy Briefs from UNDP show how increasing knowledge about gender relations and empowerment has highlighted the importance of access to and control over land within intra-household gender relations, and what this implies for broader concerns about empowerment of the poor.  Moreover, significant knowledge gaps are also found in discussions on the link between land policies and cultural, territorial and gender empowerment issues.

The LAPSSET Corridor project, a major infrastructure development project that will run from Kenya to South Sudan and Ethiopia, will impact, positively or negatively, on the lives of more than 100 million people in the three countries. Indigenous peoples will potentially suffer the most negative impacts as a result of their having been historically marginalized economically, socially and politically. The recent discovery of oil in Turkana will add to the suffering of the Turkana peoples.